Russian Scientists Prove Life Can Survive on Mars, Venus, and Jupiter’s Ice Moon

Article by Sput Nick                        April 26, 2020                      (sputniknews.com)

• Researchers from the Russian Academy of Sciences’ Space Research Institute conducted simulations of Venus’ atmospheric conditions and discovered that microscopic fungi can survive and thrive in high levels of ionizing radiation and sharp jumps in temperature. Scientists believe that microorganisms may be present in the upper layers of Venus’s atmosphere.

• The researchers also studied microorganisms in temperatures of -50 degrees Celsius (minus 58 degrees Fahrenheit) in the Arctic to simulate conditions on the surface of Mars. Here too, the bacteria proved quite adaptable to survival.

• The Russian scientists then studied soil bacteria present in the Mojave Desert, which is considered analogous to the kinds of microbial communities that may be found on Mars. The micororganisms were highly resistant to temperature, pH levels, and the presence of salts and strong oxidizing agents.

• The researchers also tested whether microorganisms could survive in conditions found on Jupiter’s moon, Europa, known to have a water-ice crust. Recreating bacteria embedded in ice at -130 degrees Celsius (minus 202 degrees Fahrenheit), scientists found that the bacteria could still theoretically survive at depths of 10-100 cm over a period of 1,000-10,000 years in the moon’s subglacial oceans.

• The prestigious Space Research Institute is a complement to Russia’s manned space program, taking part in multiple ongoing Roscosmos, European Space Agency and NASA missions on the study of the solar system, and goes back to Soviet-era probes of Venus and Mars.

 

Theories about the possible habitability of Earth’s closest neighbours go back to the dawn of the space age, with scientists creating increasingly complex instruments to try to confirm beyond a doubt whether such life exists in the years since.

Researchers from the Russian Academy of Sciences’ Space Research Institute have completed simulations of the Venetian atmosphere’s conduciveness to sustaining life, discovering that micromycetes (a type of microscopic fungi) can survive and thrive in Venus-like atmospheric conditions, where high levels of radiation and sharp jumps in temperature are the norm. Specifically, laboratory testing found that high doses of ionizing radiation do not lead to the fungi’s demise.

Scientists conducted their experiments on the basis of long-held scientific theories that microorganisms associated with mineral particles may be present in the upper layers of Venus’s atmosphere.

The researchers also performed research involving microorganisms found in the Arctic to simulate conditions on the surface of Mars – subjecting them to radiation and temperatures of -50 degrees Celsius. Here too, scientists found that the bacteria proved quite adaptable to survival.

Additionally, the Russian scientists studied soil bacteria present in the Mojave Desert, considered by many academics to be a terrestrial analogue to the kinds of microbial communities that may be found on Mars. The research showed that these micororganisms are highly resistant to a range of stress factors, such as cultivation temperature, pH levels, and the presence of salts and strong oxidizing agents.

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Astronomers Have Formula for Finding Subsurface Oceans in Exomoons

Article by Erik Arends                             April 23, 2020                            (phys.org)

• In the search for extraterrestrial life, we have typically looked at Earth-like planets at a distance from their parent star where the temperature is between the freezing and boiling point of water. But as in our own solar system, most of the liquid water seems to be outside of this ‘habitable zone’ on moons where interior water is heated beyond the melting point by tidal forces.

• In our solar system only Mars and Earth have ‘habitable’ surfaces. But moons within our solar system, such as Enceladus, Europa and six other moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, are examples of celestial bodies that are freezing cold on the surface but may harbor habitable subsurface oceans.

• Researchers from SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research and the University of Groningen (RUG) have derived a formula that indicates whether a subsurface ocean is present on an ‘exomoon’ and how deep it is. Adding moons to the equation, exoplanet hunters have a much larger field of potentially habitable places to search for extraterrestrial life. In fact, “there could be four times as many habitable exomoons as exoplanets,” says lead author Jesper Tjoa.

• The formula analyzes factors including the diameter of the moon, the distance to its planet, the thickness of the gravel layer on the surface, and the thermal conductivity of the ice or soil layer below the surface to provide a lower limit for the ocean depth.

• Just as “astronomers study starlight shining through the atmospheres of exoplanets” to identify oxygen, for example, says Tjoa, future telescopes “may see geysers like on Enceladus, stemming from a subsurface ocean”, as an indication of life there.

 

So far, the search for extraterrestrial life has focused on planets at a distance from their star where liquid water is possible on the surface. But within

              Jesper Tjoa

our Solar System, most of the liquid water seems to be outside this zone. Moons around cold gas giants are heated beyond the melting point by tidal forces. The search area in other planetary systems therefore increases if we also consider moons. Researchers from SRON and RUG have now found a formula to calculate the presence and depth of subsurface oceans in these ‘exomoons.”

In the search for extraterrestrial life, we have so far mainly looked at Earth-like planets at a distance from their parent star where the temperature is between the freezing and boiling point of water. But if we use our own Solar System as an example, moons look more promising than planets. Enceladus, Europa and about six other moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune may harbor a subsurface ocean. They all reside far outside the traditional habitable zone—it is literally freezing cold on the surface—but tidal interaction with their host planet heats up their interior.

With moons entering the equation, exoplanet hunters such as the future PLATO telescope—which SRON is also working on—gain hunting ground regarding the search for life. When astronomers find a so-called exomoon, the main question is whether liquid water is possible. Researchers from SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research and the University of Groningen (RUG) have now derived a formula telling us whether there is a subsurface ocean present and how deep it is.

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NASA Scientist Reveals Potential Black Hole Home for ET

 

Article by Sean Martin                            March 14, 2020                             (express.co.uk)

• NASA astrophysicist Jeremy Schnittman saw the 2014 movie ‘Interstellar’ in which it’s star, Matthew McConaughey, goes in search of a habitable planet for humans to live on as Earth is dying. The film’s scientists discover planets orbiting a black hole which could sustain life. Schnittman wanted to test the real-life feasibility of whether energy given off by a black hole could be enough to support life.

• Schnittman wrote a paper on it, and it was published in the journal arXiv. In it he says that “the Sun provides almost all the energy necessary for life on Earth to survive. Without it’s constant heat flux, the oceans would likely freeze over in a matter of days.” Likewise, black holes can provide their own energy source, in the form of radiation from hot, accreting gasses. The friction generated by ‘accretion discs’, ie: materials or objects orbiting a black hole that are constantly pushed and shoved by the extreme gravitational force, could produce a tremendous amount of energy. This could replace the star (Sun) allowing life to exist. (see 37 second video below of flaring black hole)

• Schnittman notes that the radiation energy coming from a black hole would be potentially “lethal” to any life. “All known life forms require an energy gradient in order to survive, so an all-pervasive black-body radiation background would probably not be very conducive to complex life.”

• In reality, there are factors that would prevent the Earth from turning to a radiant black hole for its survival if our Sun was dying. First, the Sun is too small to become a black hole. It would need to be about 20 times larger. It is predicted that the Sun will use up its supply of hydrogen in about 5 billion years, when it will condense into a white dwarf. Second, as the nearest black hole is located 6,523 light-years away, or 6,523 x 5.88 trillion miles, even if we could find a habitable planet nearby, this is too far for humans to reach (with our current technology that is).

 

            Jeremy Schnittman

The amount of energy given off by a black hole could be enough to support life, expanding the possibilities of where humans should search for extraterrestrials. NASA astrophysicist Jeremy Schnittman based his research on the hit Hollywood movie Interstellar, in which the main character, played by Matthew McConaughey, goes in search of a habitable planet for humans to live on as Earth is dying. In the 2014 movie, the scientists discovered planets orbiting a black hole which could sustain life. Mr Schnittman wanted to test the real-life feasibility of this.

The scientist said accretion discs, made up of materials and objects orbiting a black hole, could allow life to exist.

The friction generated by these discs as they are pushed and shoved by the extreme gravitational force is so large that it can produce a tremendous amount of energy, depending on the size of the black hole.

While the Sun gives Earth energy through light and heat, the radiation and energy from the accretion discs might prove just as valuable.

Mr Schnittman wrote in the paper published in the journal arXiv: “On the down side, the Sun provides almost all the energy necessary for life on Earth to survive. Without it’s constant heat flux, the oceans would likely freeze over in a matter of days.

“But we also know that many astrophysical black holes can provide their own energy source, in the form of radiation from hot, accreting gas.
“In fact, for most observable black holes, this accretion power outweighs anything attainable from nuclear fusion by many orders of magnitude.

37 second video depicting black hole flaring (UoS News Desk YouTube)

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The “Surprisingly Consistent” Answer to: Are We Alone in the Universe?

 

Article by Michael Egnor                           March 9, 2020                          (evolutionnews.org)

• There is a near consensus among astronomers, astrobiologists, and astrophysicists that we are not alone in the universe. Not a day goes by without a scientific expert proclaiming that we are on the verge of discovering extraterrestrial life – whether microbes in an extraterrestrial ocean or a galactic engineer in a Dyson sphere. The problem is that there is not a shred of evidence to support extraterrestrial life.

• So what is the scientific basis for this scientific “consensus”? The scientific method is ‘a posteriori’ reasoning: we collect evidence, propose a theory by which the evidence can be evaluated, and arrive at a conclusion. In the case of SETI (search for extraterrestrial intelligence), the conclusion is the near certainty of extraterrestrial life. But the evidence that all of this is based upon is… zero. Nada. Non-existent. There’s not a shred of evidence for life anywhere but Earth. What little passes for evidence — the discovery of extra-solar Earth-like planets and proteins — is meaningless until we understand how life occurred on Earth. However, we know nothing about the source of life on Earth either. Fanciful theories don’t count.

• To reach the conclusion that ET is almost certainly out there, experts rely on the theoretical framework of ‘materialism’. It is an unexamined act of faith among the scientific elite today that abiogenesis materialism explains all of the natural world (ie: single-celled life gradually grew to more complex life, and then into animals and humans). And if it worked this way on Earth, then it would work on other worlds containing matter, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and starlight like our own.

• If anything, the evidence thus far proves that extraterrestrial life does not exist. We’ve looked and we haven’t found any. Perhaps it’s waiting around the corner. But there’s no evidence that it is, and therefore no scientific reason to think that it is.

• So when you hear scientific ‘experts’ tell you that “nothing in biology makes sense except in light of evolution”, keep in mind that this is the same crowd who are damned sure that the discovery of ET is just around the corner, without offering a shred of evidence or science to support the assertion. So much of modern science is just materialism and atheism, posing as science.

• [Editor’s Note]   This writer revels in the presumption that there is no real evidence of life anywhere but on Earth. He uses science as blinders. The evidence of extraterrestrial life, he says, is “zilch, zero, nada”. It is his religion and no one can tell him otherwise. “[W]e’ve looked and haven’t found any (aliens).” The writer claims that the general belief by the scientific community that life must exist elsewhere in the universe is merely an act of “faith in (the natural development of) materialism”.

Writers and thinkers such as this are taking the easy way out. For the past seventy years or more, the deep state elite who write our university textbooks and control the mass media have systematically hidden evidence of extraterrestrial contact from the public. They teach that there is no such thing as UFOs or extraterrestrial civilizations. Generations have lived their entire lives under this truth embargo and false reality. So the lazy journalist will simply take this mainstream gibberish as fact and look no further.

But if one digs a little deeper, he will find an enormous amount of evidence and common sense indicators that not only are UFOs real, but the extraterrestrial beings who developed this advanced technology, and have secretly passed it along to our elite in the military industrial complex, are here now and have been here for millennia. This is not a case mass hallucination. People have seen UFOs for centuries, depicting them in whatever media was available – from cave art to Renaissance paintings. There has been a sharp increase in these sightings since World War II because the extraterrestrials noticed our own technological advancements over the past century, and felt that we are close to being able to handle the ‘full disclosure’ of their presence.

The government and corporate elite are well aware of the ET presence. Anyone who wants to dig deeper than the mainstream prattle can easily find consistent and compelling first-person accounts of seeing and interacting with UFOs and extraterrestrials. Or you can choose to believe that all of these people are sharing some sort of psychosis; trust that the government would never lie; believe that the mainstream media is the embodiment of honest journalism; and take it at face value that no evidence whatsoever exists to support the position that UFOs and extraterrestrials are real and abound in our solar system and galaxy. It takes some work to study the ET phenomenon with an open mind. It takes no work at all to ridicule and ignore everything, occasionally pulling your head out of the sand to write simplistic and irresponsible articles like this one.

 

You can understand a lot about modern science if you understand SETI research. Not that SETI is all that sophisticated and certainly not because it’s been successful (it has not), but because it tells you a lot about the materialist metaphysical bias in modern science.

“The Big Question”

From The Conversation:
Are we alone in the Universe? The expert opinion on that, it turns out, is surprisingly consistent.

         Michael Egnor: ‘lazy journalist’

“Is there other life in the Universe? I would say: probably,” Daniel Zucker, Associate Professor of astronomy at Macquarie University, tells astrophysics student and The Conversation’s editorial intern Antonio Tarquinio on today’s podcast episode.

“I think that we will discover life outside of Earth in my lifetime. If not that, then in your lifetime,” says his fellow Macquarie University colleague, Professor Orsola De Marco.

And Lee Spitler, a Senior Lecturer and astronomy researcher at the same institution, was similarly optimistic: “I think there’s a high likelihood that we are not alone in the Universe.”

The big question, however, is what that life might look like.

We’re also hearing from Danny C Price, project scientist for the Breakthrough Listen project scanning the southern skies for unusual patterns, on what the search for alien intelligence looks like in real life — and what it’s yielded so far.

There is a near consensus among experts (astronomers, astrobiologists, astrophysicists, etc.) that we are not alone. To point out at an astrobiology conference that there’s not a shred of evidence for astrobiology would be like striking up a conversation about sex trafficking at Jeffrey Epstein’s wake. You had best make other arrangements for the rest of the day. The existence of extraterrestrial life is the lodestar of 21st-century astronomy — witness the odd fact that astrobiology is a thing in science rather than in science fiction. Not a day goes by without a scientific expert proclaiming that we are on the verge of meeting ET — whether a microbe in an extraterrestrial ocean or a bug in a Martian desert or a galactic engineer in a Dyson sphere.

The Scientific Method

So what’s the scientific basis for this astrobiological “consensus”? The scientific method is, of course, a posteriori reasoning: we collect evidence, propose a framework (theory) by which the evidence can be evaluated, and arrive at a conclusion — in the case of SETI, the conclusion is the near certainty of extraterrestrial life.

The evidence on which the near-consensus that we are not alone is based is… zero. Nada. Non-existent. There’s not a shred of evidence for life anywhere but Earth. What little passes for evidence — the discovery of extra-solar Earth-like planets and of proteins — is meaningless unless we know that answer to the question: How did life arise on Earth, and how can life arise elsewhere? We know nothing about the source of life on Earth, and fanciful theories don’t count. A posteriori reasoning (the scientific method) depends on evidence first and foremost. And we have no evidence for extraterrestrial life and no idea how life arose in the only place we know — Earth.

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What Scientists Could Learn From Alien Hunters

 

February 10, 2020                           (wired.com)

• Astrobiologists use telescopes to seek biochemical evidence of microbes on other planets. SETI scientists use telescopes to look for intelligent beings’ technological signatures. Then there are those who believe that intelligent extraterrestrials are here, now, buzzing the skies of planet Earth. The respective members of these three groups of ‘alien hunters’ do not necessarily get along with one another. Their interactions demonstrate a concept that sociologists call “boundary-work”, e.g.: building fences and enforcing ideas about who counts as a scientist, and who doesn’t. This ‘boundary’, however, is subjectively based on social mores, social fears, and politics.

• People who find themselves on the outside of mainstream science often foster a sense of antagonism. But the line of demarcation as to what is ‘outside’ of mainstream science shifts with time. Science’s ideas about which ET-seeking methods are valid and which are ‘fringey’ have changed over the past few decades.

• In the early years, astrobiologists and SETI – the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, worked together. ‘Perhaps those microbes on a far-off planet evolved and built radio transmitters.’ But then their respective disciplines parted ways. In order to study the conditions of life on other planets, astrobiologists tend to study conditions on this planet – drilling into frozen lakes, doing lab experiments, studying geological evolution, researching our genetics. They use this data to determine which exoplanets have the best chance for evolving life forms. SETI, on the other hand, search for electromagnetic transmissions and signatures of technologies that are not yet understood.

• In the early 1970s, NASA and the National Academy of Sciences considered SETI an important component of the search for extraterrestrial lifeforms. Then politicians such as Senator Richard Proxmire denounced SETI as a wasteful, useless, and futile endeavor. Congressional funding of SETI’s ‘High-Resolution Microwave Survey’ in the early 1990s was cut-off in 1993. The National Science Foundation banned SETI projects from its funding portfolio. Grant opportunities dried up. NASA and mainstream astrobiologists began to distance themselves from SETI.

• In the 2000s, SETI turned to private investors like Paul Allen and Yuri Milner and became associated with searching for ‘little green men’ and UFOs. The mainstream considered SETI ‘laughable pseudo-research’ outside the bounds of proper science. At the same time, astrobiology became a “legitimate” science. Astrobiologist Sara Seager told Congress in 2013, “We’re not looking for aliens or searching for UFOs. We’re using standard astronomy.”

• But SETI scientists have been clawing their way back to legitimacy. In April 2018, Congress directed NASA to start including searches for “technosignatures” in its broader search for life beyond Earth. The House Appropriations Committee is deciding whether SETI’s work will be sanctioned in the 2020s.

• One thing that both “legitimate” astrobiologists and SETI have in common is that they both consider ufology silly. They keep their distance from anyone who believes in UFOs or an extraterrestrial presence. But for someone at SETI who imagines light-years-away microbes growing into sentient beings that broadcast radio waves and beam lasers, is it that much harder to imagine these beings traveling here to Earth?

• Mainstream academic researchers claim that virtually no hard UFO data exists beyond personal accounts. Ufology doesn’t explain how or why alien spaceships could or would come all the way here. Then there are the standard variety of banal explanations for bogus UFO sightings. Ufology is not science in the way SETI researchers do science.

• Greg Eghigian, a Penn State researcher, points out that “From the early-1950s through the 1970s, a number of academics took the study of UFOs seriously and regularly engaged with ufologists.” Back then the military had official UFO research programs, even though their conclusions usually amounted to “nothing to see here.” Those programs ended. The Air Force-sponsored 1968 ‘Condon Report’ concluded that studying UFOs was a waste of time, and UFO research was consigned to the fringes.

• In 1983, Thomas F. Gieryn published his paper: “Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science.” When researchers do ‘boundary-work’, they create and maintain lines around who qualifies as a scientist and who doesn’t, and what is and what is not science. In so doing, they bestow legitimacy onto themselves and deny it to others. But this can backfire on them. When the public perceives scientists arbitrarily establishing exclusive scientific authority, people themselves feel alienated, fostering conspiracy theories about the mainstream scientists’ true motives.

• Similar to anti-vaccination activists, GMO no-goers, and people who say climate change has nothing to do with people, many ufologists have decided that scholars and politicians are at best, narrow-minded or, at worst, engaged in a deliberate attempt to hide information.

• Psychologist Stuart Appelle wrote that ufology “is not simply rejected as a legitimate discipline, it is categorically dismissed.” Rejection suggests a conclusion based on close examination and careful reflection. But dismissal is a judgment that close examination is not warranted at all, which is not very scientific. This silencing is a form of ‘social stigmatization’.

• Adam Dodd, a communications instructor at the University of Queensland (in Australia) sees mainstream scientists’ dismissal of the UFO phenomenon as ‘saving face’ in order to maintain their reputation among their own peers. An example of this is when Stephen Hawking concluded that the absence of any evidence of aliens essentially equates with evidence of the absence of aliens. And therefore, for a ‘true scientist’, UFOs and aliens are not worthy of consideration.

• This ‘boundary-work’ by mainstream scientists is both frustrating and patronizing to UFO researchers who find themselves outside of the mainstream fence. They suspect a mainstream agenda is being formed against them. Ufologists become mistrustful of so-called ‘experts’, while the mainstream regards UFO followers as ‘cranks’. So they each band together to create an ‘us versus them’ scenario, and keep their distance from each other. Scientists cannot afford the professional consequences of being associated with fringe ufologists. As a consequence, science probably loses out on the ‘kernels of truth’ in the nut bin.

• The thing that both sides generally have in common is the desire to get to the truth. But with the elitist scientists’ blanket denial of all that is lumped together as ‘fringe conspiracy theories’, these ‘hard science’ practitioners also tend to ignore cultural knowledge, emotional knowledge, spiritual knowledge, and personal knowledge. Their plodding and myopic focus on hard science may slow the rate of scientific achievement.

• Today, mainstream science seems to be more willing to embrace SETI. In 2014, SETI astronomer Jill Tarter received radio astronomy’s highest honor, the Janksy Lectureship award. And this is slowly expanding into the field of ufology. The chair of the Harvard astronomy department has publically suggested that the ‘asteroid’ Oumuamua could be a visiting spaceship.

• A NASA scientist notes that both SETI and ufology are about ‘finding the signal in the noise’. There may be ‘signals’, however small, that indicate a phenomena associated with UFOs that cannot be explained or denied that should be taken into consideration. Rather than dismissing the research of a particular ‘fringe’ group outright, scientists might listen. If so, the reaction by the fringe might be to consider mainstream ‘expert’ analysis more. There can be important truths revealed from both sides of the spectrum.

 

Aliens—hypothetical beings from outer space—fall into roughly three categories. They could be far-away microbes or other creatures that don’t use technology humans can detect; they could be far-away creatures that use technology earthlings can identify; or they could be creatures that have used technology to come to Earth.

         Senator Richard Proxmire
          Sara Seager

Each of these categories has a different branch of research dedicated to it, and each one is probably less likely than the last to actually find something: Astrobiologists use telescopes to seek biochemical evidence of microbes on other planets. SETI scientists, on the other hand, use telescopes to look for hints of intelligent beings’ technological signatures as they beam through the cosmos. Investigating the idea that aliens have traveled here and have skimmed the air with spaceships, meanwhile, is the province of pseudoscientists. Or so the narrative goes.

Although these three groups have a common goal—answering the question “Are we alone?”—they don’t always get along. Their interactions demonstrate a concept that sociologists call “boundary-work”: designing and building fences around Legitimate Science, and enforcing ideas about who counts as a scientist, who doesn’t, and why. Those fences are supposed to defend science’s honor, demonstrate scientists’ objectivity, and uphold the profession’s standards. That’s good! We want that! But the fence posts also demarcate a boundary that isn’t objective but is, in fact, a function of time, location, culture, social mores, social fears, and politics. The enforcement of this sometimes-shifting boundary can send people who find

     Greg Eghigian

themselves on the outside further away from mainstream science, fostering a sense of antagonism and slighted outsiderism. The history of hunting aliens is a good way to understand those unintended consequences of boundary-work in other disciplines. Because even though none of the groups actually knows, or has gained access to, whatever ET truth is out there, science’s ideas about which ET-seeking methods are valid and which are fringey have changed over the past few decades.

Astrobiology v. SETI

   Thomas F. Gieryn

In the early years of astrobiology and SETI, the two groups worked more side by side than they later would. After all, they just existed at different locations on a spectrum: Maybe microbes arose on a far-off planet, and maybe those microbes evolved and built radio transmitters. Astrobiology technically just means the study of life in the universe. But that encompasses a lot: Astrobiologists look into questions like how life started, how it evolved, and what environments can support it. To study these questions, scientists can gather data on this planet, drilling into frozen lakes, doing lab experiments involving the chemistry of early Earth, studying geological evolution on Mars, or gaining a better understanding of genetics to get a better sense of what alternatives might exist to our own DNA. They also investigate what life might look like on another world, whether it has existed on other solar-system planets, and how to pick out a habitable or perhaps inhabited exoplanet from astronomical data.

         Stuart Appelle

SETI, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, falls logically within the scope of astrobiology. But this search, usually for electromagnetic transmissions, is more speculative, since it deals less explicitly with the kinds of chemistry, geology, physics, and biology we can observe in the solar system—and so perhaps beyond—and instead seeks signatures of technology whose nature we don’t yet, and may never, know.

          Adam Dodd

Still, NASA initially supported both sorts of searches (although it called astrobiology “exobiology”). The venerable National Academy of Sciences, in its 1972 recommendations for the search for life beyond the solar system, listed SETI as an important component of exobiology, stating that “SETI investigations are among the most far-reaching efforts underway in exobiology today.” Trouble bubbled up between the groups, though, after SETI became the object of political ire. The search for smart aliens had already proven to be a favorite football for politicians, a frequent contender for cancelation—because of the low probability of success, the speculation required, and the money that they said could be better spent on Earth. For instance, in 1978, Senator Richard Proxmire awarded the nascent project his infamous Golden Fleece Award, for wasting government funds on what he considered a useless, futile endeavor. In the early 1990s, NASA finally began its first SETI observations, part of the project that had been on the drawing board when Proxmire mocked it: then called the High-Resolution Microwave Survey. But the year after the survey began, in 1993, Congress shut down the program.

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Aliens Smell Like a Fart

Listen to “e182 Aliens Smell Like a Fart” on Spreaker.

Article By Eric Spitznagel                           November 25, 2019                        (popularmechanics.com)

• NASA’s roving Martian science lab, Curiosity, has detected dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol, and trace amounts of oxygen on Mars, along with the compounds we already know about, like nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. This is the same chemical composition as flatulence.

• Clara Sousa-Silva, a molecular astrophysics postdoctoral associate at MIT, agrees. “Most of my work in astrobiology looks at anaerobic environments, which have a lot in common with the environments that produce farts. So, yes, aliens are reasonably likely to smell like farts.”

• There are other examples of planets and other celestial bodies with theoretically pungent life forms. For instance, Saturn’s icy moon Titan holds lakes of liquid methane. Using data from the Cassini space probe, NASA was able to replicate the mixture of nitrogen, methane, and benzene found on Titan to learn that Titan smells like farts and gasoline.

• Sousa-Silva points out that the molecule phosphine could be the key to detecting life on other planets. Phospine needs to be manufactured by a process associated with biological life on the earth, because it won’t exist naturally in a mild climate. So if phospine is detected on a habitable planet, there is likely to be life there.

• Carrie Paterson, an LA-based artist and expert in the “cosmology of the senses” points out that there are olfactory receptors not only in our nose but in our skin and internal organs. She thinks there is a “distinct possibility that we might be able to communicate with aliens through our sense of smell”. “A ‘moldy’ smell is not just a smell”, Paterson says, “it’s a sensation our bodies have in the presence of fungus. Fresh’ isn’t just about air without pollution, but rather, how a clean environment is sensed by our skin.” What might smell ‘good’ or ‘bad’ to an alien would depend on their particular ‘corporeal composition’.

• In 1996 in Varginha, Brazil, sisters Liliane and Valquíria encountered a creature they thought might be the devil. When their mother went to investigate, she noticed a putrid odor of ammonia hanging in the air. Ammonia is a sulphurous gas, similar to a fart. And it is the predominant odor on the planet Uranus.

• Michael Menkin, a former technical writer for NASA, has heard firsthand from extraterrestrial abductees that aliens “really smell.” Menkin says that “their alien-human hybrids (also) stink because they never bathe.” But as much as an alien’s odor may offend us, our human scent, and the scents we find appealing, might be just as offensive to them. “Right now I have an abductee who stops aliens by spraying Lysol all over her house,” said Menkin. “So Lysol works as well as perfumes.”

• [Editor’s Note]   I recall Stewart Swerdlow saying that reptilians smelled horrible, like ammonia and sulfur. And it felt good to the reptilians to spray Lysol disinfectant spray on their body’s skin. Maybe that helped a little with the smell?

But something doesn’t ring true here. NASA is said to have detected dimethyl sulfide and methanethiol on Mars, supporting the flatulent atmosphere theory. But they found only “trace amounts of oxygen on Mars”. Those who claim to have been on Mars have all said that that there is enough oxygen in the atmosphere for light breathing without an oxygen tank.  I have never heard anyone who has been on Mars say that the air smelled like farts.

Is NASA feeding universities such as MIT data to make people think that the Mars atmosphere is not only uninhabitable but disgusting, to discourage anyone from wanting to go there?

 

Sometimes it takes a child to point out the important questions.

My 8-year-old is a burgeoning amateur scientist, so he keeps up with the latest science news a little more closely than I do. He learned recently that Curiosity, NASA’s roving Martian science lab, has been detecting some rather interesting organic and chemical molecules on the red planet, some of which could be clues of life. So far it’s discovered dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol, and most surprisingly, trace amounts of oxygen.

                       Clara Sousa-Silva

Along with the compounds we already know about, like nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide, Mars has the same chemical composition of flatulence. Which led my son to one inescapable conclusion: If aliens exist, they probably smell like farts.

I don’t know enough about farts, Mars, or aliens to refute him, so I reached out to somebody who does: Clara Sousa-Silva, a molecular astrophysics postdoctoral associate at MIT.

“Your son is absolutely correct in his inference,” she told me. “Most of my work in astrobiology looks at anaerobic environments, which have a lot in common with the environments that produce farts. So, yes, aliens are reasonably likely to smell like farts.”

And at least according to Sousa-Silva, the answer to that question is: not especially pleasant. Even if Martians denied it, they most definitely supplied it.

But we don’t need to single out Mars. There are other examples of planets and other celestial bodies with theoretically pungent life forms.

Saturn’s icy moon Titan has gotten a lot of attention of late, thanks to data collected from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft over a 14-year mission. Its lakes of liquid methane, which may be filled with alien crystals, have raised questions about the “possibility of life,” as NASA planetary geologist Rosaly Lopes phrased it to Reuters last week.

A few years back, some of the gases and hydrocarbons collected by Cassini were used to create a recipe that replicated the “aromatic flavors” of Titan. Composed mostly of nitrogen, methane, and benzene (and a few other aromatics), NASA researchers were able to create in the lab what could be dubbed Eau de Titan, the cologne of choice for Titan aliens (should they exist).

What they discovered: Titan smells like farts and gasoline.

Does that mean Titan aliens could conceivably share the hearty stench of a garage filled with flatulent auto mechanics? Possibly … but probably not, says Sara Seager, an astrophysicist and planetary scientist at MIT.

“If the alien life was producing hydrocarbons, that life would smell like gasoline,” she says. “Right now it sounds like the Titan atmosphere at large smells like gasoline, independent of life.”

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First Contact or First Murder?

Listen to “E67 8-13-19 First Contact or First Murder?” on Spreaker.

Article by Guy P. Harrison                     July 31, 2019                     (psychologytoday.com)

• A common practice in the scientific community is studying a biological creature by killing and dissecting it as a “voucher specimen”. Labs and museums around the world contain millions of them. A dissection may reveal many things that simple observation or a good photograph cannot.

• But this raises a moral question about possibly finding extraterrestrial life forms on Mars or perhaps on one of Saturn’s moons. What do we do? Will Earth scientists be content to observe, take a few photographs, maybe a gentle swab of its exterior? Or will First Contact become First Murder?

• If killing a newly discovered extraterrestrial life form in the name of research is wrong, then why is the routine carnage here on Earth for the same reason okay? Is a bat or a gulper eel somehow less valuable to the universe or less worthy of survival than a microbe on Mars?

• This writer’s answer is that we should make case-by-case decisions according to what can be determined from observations. If the creature is rare or of a higher intelligence, then let it live. Killing an earthworm for study is not viewed as comparable to killing a dolphin or bonobo because of the cognitive contrast. This may not be so easy to determine on other worlds, however. The new life form might think in ways that are outside of our experience and imagination.

• What if there were a life form on Enceladus, Ganymede, or Europa that operates with a subtle but highly sophisticated hive intelligence? In isolation, it might appear simple and therefore ethically killable to researchers. But if there were more going on than we could understand, collecting the extraterrestrial voucher specimen could be our first galactic felony.

• A case can be made for leaving all extraterrestrial life alive and unharmed, regardless of intelligence. But just taking a step on another world could destroy tiny unseen creatures beneath the boot. The mere presence of a human or robot could be apocalyptic to life on another world. But isn’t this how nature operates? Here on Earth, one life form can scarcely do anything without causing stress or death to another. Our planet is a constant horror show of sorts – parasitizing, injuring, enslaving, depriving, stomping, breathing in, or swallowing other lifeforms. Can we realistically conduct ourselves differently on other worlds than we are accustomed to here on our home planet?

• On the other hand, what if we meet a higher intelligence extraterrestrial civilization that finds itself struggling with the moral implications of killing us for further study?

• [Editor’s Note]   This writer, Guy P. Harrison, is the author of: Think: Why You Should Question Everything. With a book so entitled, it is a wonder why Harrison is not among the truth seekers in the UFO community. But he is like the vast majority of the unconscious public who don’t even consider the possibility that extraterrestrial beings are already here. Harrison, like most of the world, thinks strictly in third-density terms. Find a biological form, kill it, study it. Find another biological form, kill it, study it…. and so it goes – the way of the Dodo bird.

According to former Air Force lab technician, Emery Smith, Emery worked in an extensive laboratory in a special base underneath Kirtland Air Force base near Albuquerque New Mexico, where he dissected and analyzed thousands of specimens, body parts, and entire bodies of extraterrestrial beings that were killed or otherwise discovered by the secret space program.  So this is already going on, and of course, the medical establishment has no qualms about killing and dissecting aliens of all kinds.

If Mr. Harrison only knew that the human race itself is a long-running genetic experiment by technologically advanced extraterrestrial groups, which explains the discovery of so many so-called “extinct” human species that came before Cro-Magnon. These extraterrestrials have genetically programmed the human species for violence, war and aggression in the name of power, wealth and religion. We unnecessarily suffer disease, injury, and aging. We are actively mind-controlled through our electronic media, chemtrail and fast food additives. And we are slaves to an artificial economic system designed to oppress and suppress the masses, and to create fear and anxiety, which is the negative ET’s agenda.

Mr. Harrison struggles to find the borderline of morality between the extraterrestrial life forms that should be spared and those that can be sacrificed. What a shock it will be to these purveyors of mainstream history, science and psychology when they realize that all of this time it has been the human beings on this planet that have been the lab specimens, routinely compromised and killed in the name of science.

 

It is an odd sequence of events common to many branches of scientific study: A student falls in love with the beauty, mystery, and complexity of a plant, animal, or microbial species. Then the student learns as much about it as possible, searches for it in the wild, finds it—and promptly kills it. The preferred term for these routine sacrifices is “voucher specimen.” Labs and museums around the world contain millions of them.

               Guy P. Harrison

There is some controversy over this process of killing and collecting. But it is not difficult to see both the honorable motivations behind it and the significant payoff. Scientists are driven to learn, and dead specimens are effective teachers. A dissection may reveal many things that simple observation or a good photograph cannot. How much less would we know today about the life we share this world with if researchers had not killed and studied so much wildlife over the centuries? How many species have been protected—saved from extinction, perhaps—because of knowledge gained from voucher specimens?

But this is still killing. And it raises a moral question about space exploration that we should be thinking about. Should we encounter an extraterrestrial life form on Mars or perhaps on one of Saturn’s moons, what do we do? Will the astronauts, astrobiologists, and robot controllers of Earth be content to observe, take a few photographs, maybe grab a gentle swab of its exterior? Or will First Contact become First Murder?

This is a tough question because the idea of finally discovering life beyond the Earth and then ending that life probably feels wrong to many people. But if killing newly discovered extraterrestrial life in the name of research is wrong, then why is the routine carnage here on Earth for the same reason okay? Is a bat or a gulper eel somehow less valuable to the universe or less worthy of survival than a microbe on Mars?

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Biologist Claims ‘Mars Still Has Life’ But ‘It’s Hiding’

by Tom Fish                 May 10, 2019                 (express.co.uk)

• Four billion years ago, the Martian surface featured habitable rivers, lakes and even a deep ocean. Some astrobiologists believe that ancient Mars was a more conducive cradle for life than early Earth. Mars lost its habitability when the Red Planet lost its global magnetic field and the Sun’s radiation stripped away the once-thick Martian atmosphere. This process transformed Mars into the cold, dry world of today.

• Michael Finney, co-founder of The Genome Partnership said, ”If Mars had life 4 billion years ago, Mars still has life.” “Nothing has happened on Mars that would’ve wiped out life.” “So, if there were life on Mars, it may have moved around, it may have gone into hiding a bit, but it is probably still there.” One of the most promising hiding places for finding alien life is beneath the Martian surface.

• Although there is a lack of running water on the Martian surface, there is likely lots of water in buried aquifers. The Mars Express orbiter data suggests that a big lake lies beneath the Mars’ south pole. The existence of methane on Mars that may have been produced by organisms indicates life on the planet in the past.

• [Editor’s Note]    Yes, in its past Mars had all of the features needed for a thriving planet, e.g.: an atmosphere, running surface water, vegetation. In fact, it was home to an intelligent and sophisticated civilization. After its catastrophe 500 million years ago, the indigenous intelligent beings – including humans and reptoid beings – went underground where remnants of these past cultures are still living. Now there appears to be a contest between the Draco/German/Corporate SSP and an insectoid race of beings, each contending for control over the planet.

 

When looking for locations where alien life could potentially live, few places fire the imagination like Earth’s nearest neighbour – Mars. Humans have for centuries has looked to the heavens and wondered whether Mars is a home for extraterrestrials. And although NASA research has yet to find evidence of alien life on Mars, it does not necessarily mean the Red Planet is dead, a NASA scientist has announced.

Four billion years ago, the Martian surface was a wetter world, featuring habitable rivers, lakes and even a deep ocean.
“If Mars had life 4 billion years ago, Mars still has life,” Dr Michael Finney

And some astrobiologists believe an ancient Mars was a more conducive cradle for life than early Earth.

While a growing scientific consensus suspect life on Earth may have been sowed by Martian asteroids slamming into our planet.

However, Mars lost its habitability when the Red Planet lost its global magnetic field.

This in turn allowed deadly [?] emanating from the Sun to strip away the once-thick Martian atmosphere.

NASA’s MAVEN orbiter has showed how this process transformed Mars into the cold, dry world we recognise today.
However this planetary evolution does not necessarily mean the Red Planet is now a dead planet.

Michael Finney, co-founder of The Genome Partnership said: ”If Mars had life 4 billion years ago, Mars still has life.
“Nothing has happened on Mars that would’ve wiped out life.

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Alien Life Search Update: NASA Could Soon Locate Extraterrestrials With New Telescope

by Johnny Vatican                       May 1, 2019                       (medicaldaily.com)

• The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which will go online in 2021 replacing the Hubble Telescope, will be the most sophisticated space telescope ever made. The JWST will be able to observe high redshift objects that are too old and too distant for the Hubble and other earlier instruments to observe. It promises to see deeper into time, and with much greater clarity, than any space-based or terrestrial optical telescope on Earth.

• One of the JWST’s major goals is observing some of the most distant events and objects in the universe such as the formation of the first galaxies, the formation of stars and planets, and direct imaging of exoplanets and novas. The JWST will be able to see 0.3 billion years after the Big Bang to when visible light itself was beginning to form. It will accurately measure the content of water, carbon dioxide and other components in the atmosphere of an exoplanet hundreds of light years away and will tell scientists more about the size and distance of these exoplanets are from their host suns. By measuring the chemical make-up of a planet, scientists will be able to see if it can host life.

• “Even if we never find other life in our Solar System, we might still detect it on any one of thousands of known exoplanets,” Cathal O’Connor, researcher and center manager at the University of Melbourne, said. “The ancient question ‘Are we alone?’ has graduated from being a philosophical musing to a testable hypothesis. We should be prepared for an answer.”

 

When the astonishing James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) sees first light in 2021, the world of science as we know it will never be the same again.

The most sophisticated space telescope ever made promises to see deeper into time, and with much greater clarity, than any space-based or terrestrial optical telescope on Earth. Some of the more starry-eyed fantasize JWST might even glimpse alien spacecraft hovering over their home planet.
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The replacement for the venerable Hubble Telescope will be able to see 0.3 billion years after the Big Bang to when visible light itself was beginning to form. It will accurately measure the content of water, carbon dioxide and other components in the atmosphere of an exoplanet hundreds of light years away and will tell scientists more about the size and distance of these exoplanets are from their host suns.

By measuring the chemical make-up of a planet, scientists will be able to see if it can host life.

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Aliens May Discover Us Very Soon, Here’s Why

by Lorraine Lorenzo                  March 19, 2019                     (ibtimes.com)

• Clara Sousa-Silva, a quantum astrochemist, said during a segment in BBC’s online presentation “Ideas”: “We have been sending (television and radio) signals for the past 100 years, and those signals have gone into space and traveled at the speed of light and by now have reached hundreds of stars and hundreds of planets around them” There is a big chance that these aliens now know a lot about human origins, culture and history thanks to all the “material” that we’ve been sending them for years. “If there was an alien civilization then they would have heard the first BBC broadcasts… and have a rough idea of how our humanity works,” said Sousa-Silva.

• Sousa-Silva also said that some prominent scientists actually think that humans are sharing too much to the galaxy, especially since we know nothing about them. “Aliens may not be very kind so we shouldn’t be giving them our position.”

• But even without these television and radio signals, the Earth has a biosphere that basically gives any alien civilization an idea as to what type of species thrive in it. Aliens would be able to use a powerful prism to filter the white lights of our galaxy and separate the colors of the rainbow to determine our position in the universe. The shadows would tell them that this is indeed a lively planet filled with vast oceans and organic life forms.

• By the same principle of using radio signals to find earth, the scientist also believes that we can use alien biospheres to determine if there are extraterrestrials that actually exist in the universe. “At MIT, I develop the tools that try to decipher these potential alien biospheres. Those tools are how I will be listening in to alien messages. Until then I will try to find signs of life from signals aliens didn’t even mean to create,” Sousa-Silva said.

 

If you think that watching your favorite sitcom on Netflix or cable TV is just limited to entertainment, think again. We are also unknowingly sending vast signals to the universe and pretty much letting any possible aliens out in space know how to find us.

In fact, we’ve been sending out so many radio signals for the past 100 years that even if we turn off all satellites today, extraterrestrials from outer space will still be able to find us, Clara Sousa-Silva, a quantum astrochemist, said during a segment in BBC’s “Ideas.”

                      Clara Sousa-Silva

“We have been sending signals for the past 100 years and those signals have gone into space and traveled at the speed of light and by now have reached hundreds of stars and hundreds of planets around them,” Sousa-Silva, who is doing her post-doctorate degree in MIT and is a Ph.D. holder from the University College London, said.

The astrochemist said that the signals are now strong enough to be detected should there be alien civilizations out in the universe. Aside from this, there is also a big chance that these aliens now know a lot about human origins, culture and history thanks to all the “material” that we’ve been sending them for years.

“If there was an alien civilization then they would have heard the first BBC broadcasts and now they would have seen many, many years of Coronation Street and have a rough idea of how our humanity works,” she said.

Sousa-Silva also said that some prominent scientists actually think that it’s silly how humans are sharing too much to the galaxy especially since we know nothing about them.

“Aliens may not be very kind so we shouldn’t be giving them our position.”

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Advanced Extraterrestrials as an Approximation to God

by Abraham Loeb                  January 26, 2019                      (scientificamerican.com)

• The excitement of the scientific enterprise is all about expanding our current knowledge of the universe a little at a time. Learning all at once of the knowledge of an alien civilization with billions of years of scientific and technological exploration would be a shock to the system, and would be difficult to reconcile. As science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke stated: “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” Put another way, members of such a civilization would appear to us as a pretty good approximation to God.

• A device of advanced alien technology to us, would be like a smart phone to an early human caveman. This could be similar to our mainstream scientist’s reaction to the recent visitor to our solar system, the elongated rocky object known as ‘Oumuamua’. Oumuamua showed six peculiar properties but was nevertheless interpreted as a mere rock. One may wonder whether we are able to recognize technologies that were not developed by us.

• Scientists have considered whether life itself was seeded on Earth by an alien civilization in a process called “directed panspermia.” We can begin to wrap our heads around seeds of life brought to the Earth in the form of microbes, or perhaps a 3-D printer that produced these seeds out of the raw materials on Earth. Our imagination of what aliens might do may improve once we too are able to produce synthetic life in the laboratory.

• If life was seeded artificially on Earth, one may wonder whether the seeders are checking on the outcome. Are they disappointed and have given up on us? The experiment may have failed, or we are simply irresponsible and too slow to mature. Perhaps if we knew that someone is looking over our shoulders, we would do better.

• Our civilization is highly vulnerable to annihilation by self-inflicted wounds, such as nuclear wars or climate change, as well as external threats such as asteroid impacts or evolution of the sun. It would be not be prudent to keep all our eggs in one basket. We should venture into space and seed objects beyond the Earth with life as we know it, thus reducing the risk of complete destruction and securing the longevity of things we care about.

 

Despite the impression one gets from textbooks, our current knowledge of the universe represents a small island in a vast ocean of ignorance. The scientific enterprise is all about expanding the landmass of this island. And it is fun to engage in the activity of gaining knowledge; knowing everything in advance would have been much more boring. Still, it would be shocking to learn all at once of the discoveries of an alien civilization that’s been doing scientific and technological exploration for billions of years, in contrast to our mere few centuries. The eminent science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke codified this idea in the third of his three laws : “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” Put another way, members of such a civilization would appear to us as a pretty good approximation to God.

                        Abraham Loeb

Meeting a piece of advanced technological equipment developed by an extraterrestrial intelligence might resemble an imaginary encounter of ancient cave people with a modern cell phone. At first, they would interpret it as a shiny rock, not recognizing it as a communication device. The same thing might have happened in reaction to the first detection of an interstellar visitor to the solar system, ‘Oumuamua, which showed six peculiar properties but was nevertheless interpreted as a rock by mainstream astronomers.

Because it would likely be relatively small, most advanced equipment could only be recognized in the darkness of space when it comes close enough to our nearest lamppost, the sun. We can search for technological “keys” under this lamppost, but most of them will stay unnoticed if they pass far away. More fundamentally, one may wonder whether we are able to recognize technologies that were not already developed by us. After all, these technologies might feature subtle purposes—like the cell phone communication signals that a cave person would miss.

Is there something we might be missing already here and now?

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While Astronomers Debate Oumuamua Spacecraft Hypothesis, a Secret Mission Was Sent to Explore It

On January 16, the head of Harvard University’s astronomy department, Prof. Abraham Loeb, gave an interview where he defended his controversial paper that the interstellar object detected by a Hawaii based telescope on October 19, 2017, and named “Oumuamua”, was a spacecraft of some kind. While astronomers continue to debate the scant scientific data gleaned from telescopes to determine Oumuamua’s origins and nature, a whistleblower/insider’s report of an alleged covert space mission to Oumuamua that acquired much scientific data after landing on it is being ignored.

While astronomers might be forgiven for ignoring insider/whistleblower reports of covert missions to artifacts in the solar system due to a lack of corroborating scientific data, political scientists interested in space affairs, which falls under the rubrics of “astropolitics” or “exopolitics”, do not have such a luxury. Insiders/whistleblowers provide a rare glimpse into the rarified world of highly classified compartmentalized projects and therefore their claims need to be investigated since corroborating evidence may be absent due to the classification process, rather than being non-existent. If found to be credible insider/whistleblower claims need to be analyzed with regard to available scientific data as outlined in a 2014 paper published in the Astropolitics Journal.

Before examining the alleged covert mission that landed on Oumuamau, it’s worth reviewing what astronomers have said about it to date.

In a TED talk published on July 19, 2018, the astrobiologist, Dr. Karen J. Meech, discussed what was known about Oumuamua which was given the formal designation of 1I/2017 U1. She explained the excitement of astronomers who had long awaited the arrival of the first object from another solar system. They initially gave it the informal name of Rama, after the derelict spacecraft depicted in Arthur C. Clark’s 1973 novel, Rendezvous with Rama that was spotted after passing close by the Earth.

Meech explained in her TED talk that this was not deemed suitable. As will be later explained, the name Rama was in fact very appropriate given how a secret space program organized a landing mission.

Given that the interstellar object was discovered from the Pan-STARRS telescope on Haleakala Observatory on the Hawaiian island of Maui, two Hawaii culture experts were consulted. They named it Oumuamua – Hawaiian for “scout or messenger from distant past reaching out to us”. The images taken by the Hubble and Pan-STARRS telescopes were quite faint, so not much could be learned about Oumuamua’s geometry and composition.

Nevertheless, the initial artist depiction was of it being a long-cigar shaped object that was turning and rolling along its interstellar orbital path as though violently ejected from some distant stellar event that occurred in the remote past.

What really attracted scientific attention was when Oumuamua accelerated as it approached the sun according to data provided by the Hubble telescope in June 2018.

While acceleration is normal for comets that have long icy tails which ignite thereby propelling the comet forward, Oumuamua was no comet. Somehow the sun’s solar energy appeared to be accelerating Oumuamua.

This led to Prof. Loeb and his colleague from the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Dr. Shmuel Bialy, speculating that Oumuamua may have contained a solar sail and was therefore being charged up and accelerating as it received the solar energy. They presented their conjecture in a paper titled, “Could Solar Radiation Pressure Explain Oumuamua’s Peculiar Acceleration?” and wrote:

Considering an artificial origin, one possibility is that ‘Oumuamua is a lightsail, floating in interstellar space as a debris from an advanced technological equipment… The lightsail technology might be abundantly used for transportation of cargo between planets … or between stars…In the former case, dynamical ejection from a planetary System could result in space debris of equipment that is not operational any more … and is floating at the characteristic speed of stars relative to each other in the Solar neighborhood. This would account for the various anomalies of ‘Oumuamua, such as the unusual geometry inferred from its lightcurve … its low thermal emission, suggesting high reflectivity … and its deviation from a Keplerian orbit … without any sign of a cometary tail … or spin-up torques …

Bialy and Loeb went on to offer an even more exotic explanation that Oumuamua is an interstellar probe that is basically at rest relative to other stars in our local stellar cluster:

Alternatively, a more exotic scenario is that ‘Oumuamua may be a fully operational probe sent intentionally to Earth vicinity by an alien civilization…. This discrepancy is readily solved if ‘Oumuamua does not follow a random trajectory but is rather a targeted probe. Interestingly, ‘Oumuamua’s entry velocity is found to be extremely close to the velocity of the Local Standard of Rest, in a kinematic region that is occupied by less than 1 to 500 stars.

In his January 16 interview Loeb elaborated on the idea of Oumuamua being a kind of interstellar probe or buoy powered by solar sails that once monitored space traffic in our local region of the galaxy:

“If you average the velocities of all the stars in the region … you get a system that’s called the ‘local standard of rest.’ Oumuamua was at rest relative to that system. It didn’t come to us. It waited in place, like a buoy on the surface of the ocean, until the ‘ship’ of the solar system ran into it. To make things clear, only one of 500 stars in the system is as much at rest as Oumuamua…

Loeb in his interview explains that he and his colleague Bialy are not the only astronomers questioning whether Oumuamua is an extraterrestrial spacecraft, but they are reluctant to publicly state their opinions given the paucity of data gleaned from the Pan-STARRS and Hubble telescopes.

What would greatly surprise Loeb and other astronomers is that much more scientific data about Oumuamua has been gathered, but this had been classified at a very high level of national security.

According to Corey Goode, who claims to have worked on multiple secret space programs, he watched a video recording of a covert landing mission to Oumuamua conducted by an alliance of these programs that first observed it prior to its entry into our solar system. This is particularly significant given that Oumoamoa’s “official” discovery on October 19, 2017, was after it had passed the sun and was flying past Earth on the outbound portion of its interstellar journey.

Goode’s credibility as a genuine insider was recently given a dramatic boost with confirmation of two Defense Intelligence Reference Documents (DIRD) dealing with “warp drives” and “traversable wormholes” that he was the first to publicly release in late 2017. The documents showed the scientific feasibility of advanced propulsion technologies that Goode had claimed were used in secret space programs.

The two documents were part of a list of 38 “Unclassified: For Official Use Only” documents that the Defense Intelligence Agency confirmed as authentic on January 16, 2019 in response to a Freedom of Information Act request by the Federation of American Scientists.  

The recent confirmation of Goode’s leaked DIRD documents means that his testimony about Oumuamua cannot be simply dismissed out of hand, and is well worth considering by astronomers seeking answers to Oumuamua’s origin and composition.

In January 2018, Goode provided a detailed description of what he saw in a video shown to him and others attending a briefing concerning recent covert space activities. Goode wrote about what he witnessed along with the explanation by a former USAF officer [Sigmund] participating in the briefing:

The person leading the meeting then brought our attention to a large smart-glass pad monitor that was lowering from the ceiling. Sigmund then stood up and said “I have a treat for the both of you.” He walked up to the monitor and stared at it while talking. He stated that they had been monitoring what appeared to be a derelict space craft that was headed towards our Sol System.

This would prove to be the same cigar-shaped “asteroid” that NASA and the mainstream media dubbed Oumuamua, and publicized widely in this same time frame.

Goode next explained what he was told about secret space mission sent to observe and land on Oumuamua:

Sigmund puffed up proudly and stated, “I led an expedition to see who this craft belonged to. Wait until you hear what we found.” Suddenly we started seeing all sorts of readings and telemetry on the monitor. I could also hear what sounded like an old NASA radio transmission. There were beeps along with a pilot calling in positions of his craft, as well as the one he was trying to dock with. That lasted for about five minutes as I saw the two craft spiraling closer and closer together.

As the pilot matched the spin of the object they were approaching, you could see a long cigar-shaped structure that had shiny patches of what looked like ice on the outside. It was obviously made of stone, and looked as if it had been through many meteor showers and collisions. The video broke to a scene where a few people who were suited up in space suits were pushing themselves through what looked like a bored-out hole going down into the rock.

Artist illustration of Oumuamua and visiting spacecraft. Credit: Gaia TV/Sphere Being Alliance

Goode also described what secret space program astronauts found when entering inside Oumuamua:

The shuttle had docked with the mystery vessel close to what looked like a metallic oval dome, which was sitting about a third of the way down its fuselage. It appeared to have been breached many times, and was full of holes and dents from obvious impacts. In the next scene, you could see the men in a weightless environment, with lights on their chests, helmets and the tops of their wrists. They split up and were talking to each other through the communications systems in their suits.

One of them was chipping samples out of the icy residue on the floors and walls. This same frozen, organic sludge was on the outside of the ship as well. It appeared like foamy, dirty lake water that had been frozen. The ship was obviously very ancient. It had been boarded and stripped of technology many times by unknown races.

Sigmund stated that when they tested the sludge later, they determined that it was partly the remains of the original crew. There were many panels removed from the walls, ceilings and floors, leaving empty compartments where technology was once located.

Goode went on to describe the discovery of preserved bodies of former crew members, the identity of an ancient extraterrestrial race they belonged to, the craft being trapped in orbit for millions of years, and a hieroglyphic language found inside the craft.  

All this might sound incredible to astronomers relying on the scant data provided by the two telescopes that observed Oumuamua from a great distance. Goode’s release of DIA documents showing the feasibility of advanced propulsion systems such as warp drives, gives a degree of credibility to his claim that a covert space mission to Oumuamua was conducted and recorded on video.

It is certain that the video Goode witnessed has been shown to many scientists with need to know inside the covert world of secret space programs. The similarity of Goode’s account with what Clark described in Rendezvous with Rama is extraordinary. Perhaps Prof. Loeb and Dr. Bialy may have been made aware of such extraordinary information and are presenting their Oumoumou spacecraft hypothesis to open the minds of incredulous colleagues . Eventually, such classified data will be revealed to give a much more accurate and fuller picture of objects such as Oumuamua entering or inside our solar system, and the classified missions to these conducted by multiple secret space programs.

© Michael E. Salla, Ph.D. Copyright Notice

Further Reading

Nazca Humanoid Mummies: High-Resolution Tomography (and Genetic Sequencing) Reveals Truths

INTRODUCTION

The question is: DO WE FINALLY HAVE SOME PHYSICAL EVIDENCE OF NON-HUMAN, INTELLIGENT ENTITIES? This would be exopolitically important and we should care.

For instance: There has been IN-DEPTH GENETIC SEQUENCING: BUT TO DATE (until January 2019) NO UNIVERSITY (AND ONLY VERY FEW SCIENTISTS) HAVE CARED TO GET INVOLVED IN WHAT MAY BE BIOLOGICAL/PHYSICAL EVIDENCE OF ENTITIES THUS FAR NOT MATCHING KNOWN EARTHLY SPECIES. Moreover, FEW IF ANY IN THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING UFO AND FEW EXOPOLITICAL or UFO COMMUNITIES HAVE COMMENTED OR CARED, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF SOME INDIVIDUALS LIKE CAPTAIN ROBERT SALAS. SEVERAL GENETIC LABORATORIES HAVE FOUND IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES AND ‘ANOMALIES’, EVEN AFTER NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) LIKE ABRAXAS:  A REPORT FROM ABRAXAS IS FOUND IN THIS LINK Thanks to Instituto Inkari: https://www.the-alien-project.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ABRAXAS-EN.pdf  

Thus far (after about 2 years since the news broke out), the almost nil interest or involvement by academic circles, in general, is telling: ‘Scientific’ dogma, fear of reputation loss and prejudice (and not just the imposition of secrecy) overcome the scientific spirit of curiosity and play an important role against a substantial type of paradigm shift. The exopolitics community should care when physical evidence of a totally unknown humanoid species is coming together. If verified, these bodies may represent that humans (the Nazca) and humanoids of unknown origin lived in close proximity.  Perhaps the possibility of some kind of a disclosure shift is not only in the hands of a major Government officially disclosing but also in the hands of a few caring, aware, motivated citizens. Perhaps (as Margaret Mead said) we should not doubt that only a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world.

Thus far, there has been little interest in the UFO, disclosure and exopolitics community in the developed West or even in Spain. Is it because people mostly care about cases they are used to and in their own language? And in Perú there has been little serious media coverage and lots of detractors trying to find every possible fault, publicly discrediting and laughing about it. But perhaps the sheer weight of evidence accumulated and the dedication of some individuals in favor that SOME of the samples may be genuine (besides a request from the Peruvian Congressperson (Armando Villanueva) for there to be an official investigation) could be reverting the apathy.

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I think that this situation on the so-called “THREE-FINGER, HUMANOID, DESICCATED NAZCA BODIES” is gradually becoming a seriously important revelation for humanity to reassess who we are, what life is, a possible extraterrestrial presence in Earth’s past, possible hybridization between homo sapiens and other species, etc. It also shows (thank goodness) that a few individuals care or are able to process the new possibility which is largely dismissed or ignored by scientific, media, political and other representatives of modern institutions.

But bone and tissue structure in these and many other images plus genetic tests performed by several labs are coming together to show that at least SOME of the many samples/specimens under research appear to belong to new species or to hybrid species previously unknown to science. I believe that taken together, this evidence overcomes some previous objections. If I mention some of the objections from skeptical scientists or scientists having a contrarian view it is because we need to engage in a civil dialogue and facilitate the exchange of views among interested scientists.

Could this case offer more evidence than ever before about similar alleged humanoids?

It is obvious to me that these DICOM, high-resolution, tomography images are genuine and, in the “María” body,  the bones appear to be much more hollow, the teguments in hands and feet show continuity with bones that fit well. No cut of fingers. The rib cage is a little different. In “Josefina” the alleged eggs… are looking more like real eggs.

As of today, only radiologist Dr. Raymundo Salas Alfaro and Inkari Institute know the tomography lab. More should be revealed soon. Thanks to Dr. Alfaro’s efforts we now have these higher quality images and more specific descriptions. Allegedly, other labs that were approached were scared or worried in terms of their reputation and didn’t feel inclined to work with this research. I’m glad that (in spite of the legal consequences that the samples were illicitly obtained by a huaquero-grave robber) some persons and institutions are taking big risks in the name of humanity. I think it is a unique situation and should be treated as such. Many archaeological discoveries were made in an informal manner by huaqueros and others. I do not condone grave robbing to sell bodies or artifacts in the black market but it seems that the huaquero here nor only wanted to make money but to show a discovery for analysis for the world to know and that is why they first approached for guidance my friend Dante Rios Tambini who then took samples to Instituto Inkari.

We must recognize the contributions of radiologist Dr. Raymundo Salas Alfaro, biologist José de la C. Rios López, and analysis of forensic physician José de Jesús Zalce. I am glad that Jaime Maussan is working with these scientists. I’m told that the name of the clinic where the high-resolution tomographies took place should be revealed soon.

Below: A horizontal view of Maria showing very hollow bones. The tomographic bone density shows that the density is low because they are more hollow as biologist José de la Cruz Rios points out. If the bones are so hollow, could they still be strong due to a different chemical composition or structuring? We need more testing. Humanity needs to save and secure the bodies and study them with care.

Lateral right view of Maria. The fingertips have a similar ending as theropod dinosaurs. The calcaneus bone is different and the skulls’ brain capacity is larger than average (1650cc).

Posterior view – torso

Another posterior view-torso

Maria (considered female because of a gynecoidal hip) shows more details in this view. Dr. Raymundo Salas Alfaro explains that she apparently suffered an accident or spinal fracture in D7 and lived after that as the sclerotic reaction that followed shows. She has herniated discs between the L3 with L4 and L4 with L5 vertebrae. Dr Raymundo Salas has observed. There are coprolites in her intestines. The body has 12 pair of ribs. A subluxation in the mandible. In another image (not available here) the dura matter separates brain lobules and the brain from the cerebellum. She also has female nipples but signs of breasts have dried out.  She has the 3rd molar and is therefore considered an adult.  Her teeth are in a poor condition. The size of the eye cavities is normal.

Forensic physician José de Jesús Zalce observed in a recent interview that Maria has no scapula, cocxys or sacrum but I am told by biologist Ríos López that he  made a human error confusing names and that he was referring to the specimen named “Josefina.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wS1iAoxVdzY&t=275s

Maria’s spine lesion. Maria has her internal organs and is not a classical, regional “mummy.”

However, María was found in a classical Nazca mummy position.

Unique bone structure.

Detail of a subluxation of the jaw. No ear pavillions.

Detail of the spine with 12 pairs of ribs. Are they completely like ours?

DICON tomography images at 128 cuts of resolution shed new light.

  

In one foot, the middle finger broke off but the other fingers show continuity and no artificial alterations. The radius-carpus articulation is well articulated and gives origin to 5 phalanxes. The phalanges still possess their capsules in each inter articular line. The carpus has 8 bones. Another image (not available here) shows a cavity lesion in the right lung.

Another view of Maria’s right hand

Finger connectivity.

Detail from hands

What are these skin protuberances?

Previous photo of Maria’s horizontal fingerprints.

  

To be fair, I need to show this previous X-ray plaque by which other scientists determined that proximal phalanxes had been added to the feet. Issues like these need to be decided after careful scrutiny.

A more recent image with a broken finger

One of María’s feet with a hook-like ending 8.6 inches. They have 5 phalanxes.

María’s 5 phalanxes in the feet

Details of extremely hollow bones and feet similar to Therapods as pointed out by biologist José de la Cruz Rios López.

  

In Maria’s feet, the Achilles Heal is inserted in the Astragalus bone rather than in the calcaneus bone.

Maria’s rib cage: It appears to be somewhat different. Is she a hybrid?

The body named “Josefina” (approx 23 inches tall) allegedly has a metal piece contoured around his chest. It has been affirmed by the Maussan team that the metal was analyzed in INGEMMET (the Metallurgic, Mining and Geologic Institute of Peru) in Peru with anomalous results to be revealed soon.   Hand and arm mobility was probably restricted due to the fact that Alberto only shows one large bone in the forearm.  No fibula, cubit, radius, tibia.  He would have walked like an oviparous entity. The pelvis would be made of separate bones built in a circular manner. (biologist José de la C. Rios López).

An upper, frontal view of “Josefina.” 8 specimens like this have been analyzed. Apparently, she had a broken clavicle. The alleged implant or, perhaps, the prosthesis has a HU (density) of 5,241.52.  In other images, it is shown that The viscerocranium has no sutures, that the cranium has 3 fenestras and a pneumatization in the occipital area. The Magnus foramen is square. The clavicle is fused or is a furcula as in birds and some dinosaurs. A short mouth/snout aperture adapted to feeding by sucking liquids. According to biologist José de la C. Rios López the skin is scaly, the neck could be retractile. Victoria and Alberto are defined as “humanoid reptiles” by biologist José de la C. Rios López.

The hands of the 60cm beings still show articular capsules, tendons, ligaments. They only have 4 phalanges instead of 5 as Maria.

“Josefina” (also approximately 23 inches tall) is apparently pregnant with eggs. They are translucid and seem to show structure (embryos?) inside and (although probably calcified with a 2,470.91 HU density) may not be placed metal objects as alleged by skeptical scientists. The cranial perimeter is large and would not be that of a pre-Hispanic dog as alleged. “He” has a different number of fenestra and a very light head.

The spinal column of this second species of 60 cm in height is medial (located in the middle rather than further back). This is why the posterior apophysis is longer than what was known before. This is why there are some structures of unknown function in an area posterior to the spine. They might have to do with swallowing. (José de Jesus Salce, forensic physician).

Interestingly, reporter Jois Mantilla and José de la C. Ríos López pointed out to me that an ENERGY EMANATION seems to come out of this specimen “Josefina” with the tomography. It is in the coming out from the metallic piece place on the upper chest.  I don’t know but it might not be an “artifact” of the tomography. It would be necessary to know under what frequencies this energy emanation becomes visible. Here it looks like a reddish flame.

Forensic Archaeologist Flavio Estrada who worked in forensic cases for the Public Ministry in Perú has necessary opinions that must be listened to. He stated that it is the energy of the tomographic machine hitting against the metallic body. In the same manner, Mr. Leopoldo Zambrano Enríquez commented that by using the original tomographies sent to France with 5Gb of information, and using DICOM visors what we are seeing is something that in radiology is known as an artifact “in solar rays” produced by the dispersion of X rays upon hitting the metallic plate. I think that these comments need to be included in a respectful way in order to be fair. However, more tests should be carefully conducted. The artifact known as “solar rays” seems to be different because the “rays” are dark, straight and come together concentrically.

 

Alleged energy emanation detected.

Another version of the alleged energy emanation detected.

Three more images of the alleged energy emanation. Thanks to Peruvian reporter Jois Mantilla who has been promoting the preservation and formal study of these specimens in spite of great dismissal and opposition.

A frontal image in red color above the metallic object. The apparent energy emanation would be in a deep red color above the metallic piece.

The actual “solar ray” effect or artifact looks different. Here seen also in Josefina: converging, straight, dark lines (“rays”).

A frontal view. The alleged point of energy emanation on the middle of the metallic piece looks darker.

Another view of “Josefina” with the metal piece placed on the chest below what appears to be a one-piece furcula instead of a collarbone.

“Josefina” with more details and with unique structures behind the spinal column on the left side. We can also se the eggs on the right side and a distended belly.

A tomographic measurement of the density of “Josefina’s” eggs

Another view of the eggs inside “Josefina” at a density of less than the maximum for bones.

Possible internal structures in the eggs. Possible embrionic formation? Inkari Institute – Courtesy of biologist José de la C. Rios López

Possible internal structures in the eggs. Possible embrionic formation? Courtesy of biologist José de la C. Rios López

A recent image of structures within the alleged eggs. They could be OVOVIVIPAROUS creatures. Shared on 01-27-2019. Ovoviviparous creatures gestate inside eggs in the parent’s body and may hatch inside before coming out.

According to biologist Jose de la C Rios López the bones are not cut as we can see with the high-resolution tomography. They are “crowned” and only in lesser resolution images seem to have been cut because they are more hollow than normal.

The crowned epiphysis of “Josefina” between the humerus and femur. Is it a different type of jagged connection?

From a study made with associated Russian scientists, the “knee” doesn’t show to be fabricated with cut bones.

The Histology (an analysis of the skin cells) of a small, headless specimen named “Victoria” was made by biologist Jose de la C. Rios Pérez. Here in Spanish, French and English. Here is the link published in “Alien Project”: https://www.the-alien-project.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Victoria-Histologie.pdf

From the conclusions section: – The Victoria paratype skin is composed of a highly keratinized,
acellular and thick flat stratified epithelium similar to the
scales of reptiles, for both the scapular and hip regions.
– The skin of the scapular region presents small, very thick,
white protuberances, whose appearance is like a wart. Its
distribution in the skin is solitary and also in pairs, but missing
on the hip sample.

– In the protuberance, the keratin becomes more compact and
acquires an amorphous form.
– Mucous glands are missing just like the sweat glands. The loss of
water through the skin is therefore nonexistent (the keratin keeps
it hydrated and protected), which allows it to live in very dry places.
As in the Nazca desert, where these bodies were found covered
with diatomaceous earth for their preservation

Remember that one of the specimens was of an infant named “Wawita”?

With the better images, Wawita’s hand was shown by Dr. Salas Alfaro to have been mutilated. He thinks that, since the specimen is in a very brittle condition, this alteration could have been done as a ritual in the pre-Hispanic past for some unknown reason.

Wawita’s feet also mutilated, modified.

However, we must also recognize that other scientists (for instance pharmaceutical chemist Dr. Ernesto Ávalos using infrared spectroscopy) have legitimately found that some specimens have been fabricated with modern materials such as palmitic acid (oil), paraffin (wax). In smaller quantity: glue, polyethylene vinyl acetate (plastic), cyanoacrylate. All modern components. These would not be the best or genuine specimens.

However, there appears to be a clear difference between different kinds of samples as follows analyzed. Some of the hoaxed ones (including fake hands) may have been analyzed together with previous images (with less detail) by the team from the Instituto de Medicina Legal de Ciencias Forenses del Ministerio Público (The Public Ministry’s Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine). Thus (while naturally inclined towards skepticism by being outmaneuvered by huaqueros and by knowing that there is a large black market in Peru for genuine AND FAKE pre-Hispanic items),  they would have sincerely concluded that the entire group of specimens given to them (and any other items considered to be part of the same group of specimens) is fake. I’ve interacted with BOTH group of scientists and think that both are sincere. Thus far they haven’t met with each other! There is suspicion between them! It is high time for these 2 groups of scientists to meet in a cordial manner and objectively clarify each little point of disagreement in a meticulous manner.

Regarding some of the GENETIC TESTS: Several laboratories found anomalies in the genetic profile of some samples: For the specimens named “Maria” and “Victoria” out of the main group of specimens most likely not faked (Maria, Wawita, Alberto, Josefina and Victoria- the headless specimen).

NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) LIKE ABRAXAS:  A REPORT FROM ABRAXAS IS FOUND IN THIS LINK: https://www.the-alien-project.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ABRAXAS-EN.pdf 

A study commanded by the Incari Institute: Massive sequencing of a bone of Maria: Using the services of Dr. Sarah Kouhou, PhD. Only 33.675% corresponds to the human genome. 18.415% to bacteria. Virus and others in 9,384 readings.
A study commanded by Third Millennium using the services of BIOTECMOL. For the tridactyle specimen “Victoria” (the one without a head) – out of a Bone (with 2,400,000 base pairs), using last generation sequencing, only an alignment of 19.82% corresponds to Human DNA. And for “Maria,” only corresponds to an alignment of 34.935% with the human genome.
So according to these labs, for the 60cm tridactyles (to which “Victoria” belongs) and for “Maria,” there is no correspondence with homo sapiens and with what is known of terrestrial organisms in the Blast Base. More in-depth genetic tests need to be conducted for “María” but for the 60cm specimens they have already been conducted.
And the University of St. Petersburg did an exon analysis for a massive nuclear DNA sequencing and for Maria it found a correspondence of 23.8% of short fragments attenuated with the human genome.
Chart presented in the presentation room inside Peruvian Congress. Percentage of genome coincidence of Maria with homo sapiens (after massive DNA sequencing) according to 3 laboratories.
An important link to consider is: https://www.the-alien-project.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/2018-02-06-PALEO-DNA-MARIA-COMPARAISON-ADN.pdf

OBSERVATIONS BY BIOLOGIST JOSÉ DE LA CRUZ RÍOS LÓPEZ:

The bones of the most important samples (Josefina, Victoria, Alberto, and María) do not correspond to animals or even to human bones since these bones are hollow bones and this does not correspond to any mammalian animal of the earth. María presents this characteristic of hollow bones without the presence of tracts.

The eggs are less dense than the metal and less dense than the maximum density for the bones.

In the metal in Josefina’s chest, the values as metal are high. They are exact data of the tomographic equipment. There is no manipulation here. We have a reference between those eggs and the metal. The bones are less dense because they are hollow.

Both the x-rays and the evidence of the particularities of the bones coincide. The bones do not belong to any terrestrial mammal because of the said bones of fabricated animals.

Why Josefina’s bones and other specimens have furcula. Why do they have hollow bones? Why do they have a structure of a sexual organ? Why do eggs have conglomerate material if they are metal?

Why does Victoria’s histology show keratinized skin similar to reptile scales?

Why metals correspond in their preparation to pre-Columbian times? Why does carbon 14 in hands date 7000 years in Beta Analytic laboratories and laboratories in Brazil?

Where is it if Analysis of c14 to say that it is a MODERN armed?

Why does the head have 3 fenestrae in the posterior part of the eye socket if the species on the earth only have 2? No species of the earth has three openings behind the eye orbit as it has this being, which, through the tomography could be checked for its presence.

Why are there vascular nerve bundles if they are just bones of various armed animals?

The viscerocranium is composed of two types of tissues. 1. Bone tissue and soft tissue. Hence the lightness that it shows and we should add that fenestra orifices have pneumatizations. In addition, the bones that compose it are very thin sheets.

The weight of these heads (which were two loose) gave an average of 0.377 grams. Which is matches a big brain because the lightness of the head is compensated with the macrocephalic size of the encephalic mass.

The skull has a small short snout.

Why is the viscerocranium composed of two types of soft and bony tissues if it is supposed to be a dog’s skull?

Why do the extremities such as the femur and humerus have crowned edges and present the humeral head or epiphysis if they are only cut bones as they say?

Why are ribs ringed?

Why does the vascular bundle come together between the vertebrae of the thoracic waist?

Why does the vertebral column show compression of the vertebrae as a lesion?

Why was it buried in diatomaceous earth are they dried and in a perfect state of preservation?

Why does he have a hand in pronation? Why three fingers?
About a writing with which he challenged Salas Gismondi Why do they have a cranial perimeter different from other species of terrestrial mammals?

If you had in your hands the skulls show the carving that was done on them. It is not difficult to prove it. A carved bone leaves traces. And they have not shown it.

Why are there 2 sutures in the foramen magnum square?

And why are there 2 sutures in the skull of these beings that are not in the dog?

Where are the cuts and filings that they proclaim?  Why if the skin is vegetable-based, the HISTOLOGY shows something else?

The left humerus of Josefina Reptil Humanoid, which they have indicated as cut and is the only argument they use to discredit these bodies as false, is not cut since it has the lower humeral head or epiphysis and its edges are crowned as it has pointed out the independent study conducted by the University of St. Petersburg Russia.

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QUESTIONS REGARDING THE SPECIMEN “María”:

Are the first phalanges of the hands are placed as phalanges of the feet?

José de la C Ríos replies: That is a presupposition because in reality the phalanges present their interdigital capsules.

Then, José de la C Ríos asks: Why did they call ‘modern fabrication’ a sample that Krawix (Paul Ronceros, according to interview) declares that he warned the forensic of the prosecution office not to analyze the part glued together … which he claims he had to glue because it had been broken?

Other observations: Why the mummy does not have the calcaneus bone like homo sapiens?

Why is the Achilles heel fixed in the Astragalus bone and not in the calcaneus?

Why does the mummy Maria have 3 phalanges in a set of bones of varying size and is at a 90-degree angle?

Why does each finger end in semicircular pads of approximately 1.5 cm with horizontal fingerprint lines?

The vertebrae from the spine located in the middle of the torso seem to be extremely hollow.

The skulls show a great degree of pneumatization or more cavities than those found in South American camelids like the alpaca, llama, guanaco and vicuña. The seem to be extremely light. Do they match a known species?

 

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GOOD NEWS: Some Professors from Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga (mostly related to the natural sciences), among them engineers, physicists, physicians became interested in working to find out the truth. They were visited by Jaime Maussan and by an Instituto Inkari representative and saw some of the evidence.  The university is located in the City of Ica, a few hours south of Lima by car and not too far from the alleged site of the findings in Nazca and/or Palpa.  I drove to the City of Ica on Sunday the 27th and met them in person on Monday the 28th, 2019. I spoke with them and with the Vice-rector for research and sent them the information I had gathered telling them that I am willing to collaborate.

About a week later, archaeology students from that university wrote a statement rejecting the Professors initiative. The response may be because they follow a research pattern that requires first locating the exact place of artifacts or biological remains, including its historic, archeological context while natural scientists feel more comfortable with being able to analyze physical-biological samples.

CONCLUSION

Taken all together, the situation is crucially changing in favor of the reality that SOME of the 3-finger samples from the Nazca-Palpa area in Perú are genuine. Needless to say, this would be a very important discovery and part of different increasing types of evidence leading toward a form of disclosure revealing that other intelligent and/or humanoid life forms previously unknown to science have interacted for quite some time on Earth with humanity.

Consider the political, exopolitical and cultural consequences!

P.S.:

Note of clarification (11-08-2018): I think that many or all of the high-resolution tomography images are interpolated from 16 cuts to 128 cuts but not manipulated to show something different. Since the discussion was about “high-resolution” images, I had not noticed the word “interpolated”  in the Alien Project site. I had also been told by a researcher into the case (of the team in favor) that there may also be another clinic that was used for original high-resolution images at 128 cuts but this is to be confirmed. Experts in tomography please comment.

An important link that has to be considered as per the favorable scientific analysis regarding images, some genetic tests, and other issues is in Inkari Institute’s  “Alien Project”: 

https://www.the-alien-project.com/en/results-analyzes-mummies-nazca/

A NOTE ON THE GENETIC FINDINGS (updated for March 2019) 

The complete genome sequencing of one of the smaller, 3 -finger, humanoid specimens found in the NAZCA-PALPA region of Perú was made using the following equipment: HiSeqX10.

Using a protocol for extracting ancient DNA and for amplifying it using Multiple Displacement Amplification. This particular study was made by CEN4GEN Institute for genomics and Molecular Diagnostics ( a Canadian Corporation).

The extraction of ancestral DNA was successful for 2 samples of the specimen that has been called “Victoria.” The sequencing generated more than 1000 million DNA fragments. The biological information analysis of the data was made with software designed and published by institutes like The New York Genome Center and the JGI of the U.S. Department of Energy. It required more than 500 hours of processing time conducted by Abraxas Biosystems.

Some of the more relevant findings are the following:

A portion of the DNA had similarities with human beings because the poorly protected samples had been exposed to the environment and to different persons. But…

1) The portion of the DNA that was similar to that of human beings was much smaller (14.29% and 15.26%) in contrast to the portion that was not similar to human beings.

2) There is approximately 54% and 76% of the DNA readings for samples 0002 and 0004, respectively, do not have a significant similarity (under the bioinformatic taxonomic classification of Abraxas Biosystems) with ANY of more than 1 million species or more than 41 million sequences that have been registered in genomic databases and DNA databases called “nt” and “refseq” of the NCBI which is the more complete public data base used by the scientific community.

The 1 Terabyte of data is being uploaded to an open-source page where other scientists can study it. They may need a supercomputer.

SIDEO NOTE:

There has been controversy regarding who found the specimens and under what circumstances, including the lack of a clearly known archeological context. This has been used to dismiss the entire case or to object to further studies. In fact, I have been called “stupid” and crazy” by name and surname in the airwaves (radio and cable TV) for stating an opinion. This is called DEFAMATION.  The opinion which I still sustain is that since we have physical, biological specimens at hand, we need to focus on them more than on the dubious information about who found them, their exact archaeological, cultural and geological context and whether they are being negotiated or not. While the latter issues are important (and more information should be found about them), the former issue (the PHYSICAL EVIDENCE that CAN BE ANALYZED) is more DETERMINING.

If  (after all is said and done) scientists show that at least some of the samples have not been artificially assembled and that their genes do not match any biological specimens on Earth, the controversy about who found them and under what circumstances or whether he or she wants to sell them, or even that an ideal, standard scientific procedure was not followed, will not change the main findings. 

I’m not a specialist in mummies but as an educated, concerned citizen, I value the fact that verifying the specimens can be of great consequence culturally, politically and exopolitically. This is why I try to offer information about it attempting to be as objective as possible. 

Some PROS AND CONS About Some of the Nazca-Palpa, 3-Finger Specimens

 
Some PROS and CONS about the Nazca-Palpa 3-finger, humanoid bodies: Some objections and answers to objections about the genuine nature of some Nasca-Palpa tridactyl specimens:
 
FIRST: Some objections from trained Peruvian scientists associated with the Public Ministry and Some Answers to those objections.
 
Flavio Estrada, forensic archaeologist. Flavio Estrada Founder of the Legal Medicine Institute of Forensic Sciences of the Public Ministry. A serious institute, they know of ancient bodies and also investigations of criminology depend on evaluations by this institution.
 
Referring to small samples of heads. There has never been a square foramen magnum. The worst thing is that the samples DO NOT HAVE POINTS OF CONTACT WITH THE FIRST CERVICAL VERTEBRA because they DO NOT HAVE CONDYLES. It also seems to have a skin that covers the foramen magnum. That is not possible.
 
The X-ray of a supposed humanoid of 15 cm shows an animal skull. The mouth is where the foramen magnum hole of an animal should be (in the back). They just gave it a mouth shape. Where there is this false mouth there are condyles. The armed object does not have an auditory canal. The safest candidate is a canid. The muzzle or zygomatic arches were removed and a false skin was placed on it. Internet videos admit that these samples are part of the general set.
 
One of the samples of supposed humanoid does not have clavicles and without clavicles, it is impossible that the shoulder blades could have taken a posterior position as seen.
 
The bones of the legs have been cut. The terminations are flat. They do not have the necessary epiphysis or termination for the joint.
 
Referring to a large hand: There is no anatomical correlation. They have used bones of humans, infants, children, and adults. In the hand shown the phalange (small) is upside down.
 
Dr Ernesto Ávalos (pharmaceutical chemist). Seeing 2 samples He found palmitic acid (a fat), paraffin (a wax), glue, polyethylene vinyl acetate, cellulose. All are current components.
 
Magister Pedro Pérez specialized in tomography: The density of the supposed eggs is of an average of 1935 HU. It surpasses the bone. It means that it is of a metallic density. In addition, the metal density image makes ‘artifact’ as if they had placed a kind of screw. The question is whether it is a prosthesis or a simple metal or screw to hold the leg to the hip?
 
Question: Are the Public Ministry experts using the HU units (Hounsfield) because in those units the bone can reach 3000 HU. Question: Can the hardness of the supposed eggs be due to calcification?
 
The pelvis of one of the samples is placed on the legs and being that way I WOULD NOT HAVE WALKED.
 
On the radiography of María: In her foot tomography Pedro Pérez Magister in public health, specialized in tomography. Part of the team of the Legal Medicine Institute of the Public Ministry. He sees that METATARSALS have been added to hand CARPALS and …
 
Objection: Perhaps the best quality images are not the ones that have been used.
 
In María, forensic archaeologist Flavio Estrada detects a thoracic level lesion perhaps caused by tuberculosis. The teeth are completely human. He thinks an ancient human remain has been desecrated and that his is a serious crime.
 
Several months ago, two French scientists opined based on the images available at the time:
 
ALAIN FROMENT (biological anthropology)
FABRICE DEMETTER (paleo anthropologist)
One of the specimens could not have moved the wrist. Anatomically it does not work. We could have chosen bones better adapted to arm them.
 
According to the French: Dr. José de Jesus Salce says he sees tendons but that’s an imaginary thing since you do not see tendons. Will sinews now be seen with clearer images?
 
Alberto’s pelvis is on his legs and could not have walked, the French, they said.
 
Magnetic resonance imaging does not give us good information. They would have used a scanner.
 
All reptiles have 2 bones in the forearm but we see a scheme that is neither reptilian nor ET but crazy. They have assembled using mammalian bones with animal cartilages in formation.
 
Jois Mantilla practically accused Flavio Estrada of being detractor Lucas McLovin! Those suspicions were placed on his Facebook wall. They only create resentment and suspicion just when it was necessary for scientists to be inclined to meet and dialogue.
 
Pity that José de Jesus Salce (the Mexican medical antropologist) left Perú without talking to Flavio Estrada (the Peruvian forensic archaeologist). Without so many people between them perhaps they would have met and debated constructively! It may still happen soon. 
 
Dr. Walter Nuñez (a physician that has interesting opinions on the scientific procedures) declared in Radio Capital “Journey to Another Dimension” to have been threatened. He says he knows Lucas McLovin and Estrada and that they are not the same person. That one is short and young and the other tall and older.
 
It was reported on a radio-cable show (Viaje a otra Dimensión) by Anthony Choy and by Dr. Nuñez that extremists and trolls arrived with threats in Spanish and English. Are they true believers? Are they paid? A bit of both?
 
Dr. Choy mentioned that in the report presented to the Congress the objections of the French, another Russian (Dr. Varanov), Salas Gismondi, Elsa Tomasto, Guido Lombardi were excluded.
————————————————– ————————————————————————-
The Mexican biologist José de la Cruz Ríos explains that part of the objections are based on old X-ray images. That he will be able to demonstrate based on tomographies of higher quality than the supposedly cut bones are not. That soon will show a report on the pulled inside the eggs of Josefina.
 
That a comparative analysis with 4 quadrupedal mammals clearly showed that no canid skulls have been used. In addition, the already described traits can help to demonstrate that they are something else including already clearly identified bones.
 
That the current tomographies reveal traits that until now were not known, clarifying their authenticity. And regarding the circular type pelvis, there are weave between both joints and there was a type of movement towards a single direction which can be seen clearly with the NEW TOMOGRAPHIES.
 
Can you explain the problem of the pelvis? The biologist José De la Cruz Rios mentions that regarding the circular type PELVIS there are tissues between both joints and there was a type of movement towards a single direction and that they can be clearly seen in the tomographies. In addition, said structure is hollow like the bones of this creature; a unique feature of dinosaurs and terapods and current birds. Not mammalian bones as they claim they were used to arm them.
 
In addition, there are pathways of neurovascular bundles, a reproductive organ, eggs being formed, a food pipeline, and so on.
 
The HU density found in Josefina highest is 5000 and it is in the metal plate.
 
There is also a histological analysis of the skin that demonstrates its similar nature to the scales of reptiles. And every time that skin has protuberances of amorphous material inside never described before.
 
In HU measurements, eggs of more than 2000 Hu are still descended due to their calcification status of around 1000 years.
 
The tympanic bullae of the skull are around 1000Hu.
 
An important fact is that from the bone of the pelvis that forms the hip that are circular, a sample was taken for the dating. The result was about 1000 years. And from that same specimen Victoria the skin gave a dating equal to 1000 years. The first bone study was from UNSM Mexico and the second from the skin was from Brazil.
 
Do not forget that Krawix (Paul Ronceros) altered the pieces analyzed by them and on that they have not spoken. If some of Krawix’s pieces have modern compounds to make the soft tissue, they can not be “old fabrications.”
______________________________________________
 
Definitely, there are fake bodies with fabricated tissue but (out of respect for several scientific investigations) there could also be genuine ones. Out of the possibility that some bodies may be genuine and because several scientists are favorable to them, the Peruvian State should try to preserve them in a safe place for a careful multidisciplinary study. 
 
The team of Ávalos, Estrada and Pérez may have analyzed the fake specimens and may have not been able to see the best, high-resolution images. I became more aware of this after speaking with Mr. William Galison and with biologist De la Cruz Rios. Perhaps tendons not seen in the first images are now visible?
 
Do some specimens have hollow bones as mentioned in the conference in the Peruvian Congress? 
 
Do the anomalous genetic tests results coincide with the specimens whose high-resolution images show unique species anomalies that may be seen as fabricated deformities without the proper equipment?  
 
A question is whether the images seen by Peruvian scientists to give their report are good enough and are images of the most appropriate bodies or specimens … the bodies that, for example, Inkari wants the Peruvian State to preserve for further study.
 
Unfortunately, the Peruvian scientists associated with the Public Ministry (Pedro Pérez, Ernesto Ávalos, Flavio Estrada) who (through ASPAST) invited a debate at 5PM but failed to debate in part because the press conference (after the presentation at the Congress) ended at 5.15PM!

A Refutation of the Alleged Three Finger Nazca Humanoid “Mummies”

I don’t know if all of the alleged three-finger, humanoid bodies found in the Nazca-Palpa region are fakes but before November 19th, 2018 I was more inclined to think that some could be genuine. Today, I’m a bit more inclined to think that most or all could be fake.  But the careful comparison of the conclusions given by scientists who are in favor and those who are against still needs to happen under a civilized debate between them.

NOVEMBER 19TH, 2018

Various scientists came to Peru with Jaime Maussan and Gaia TV and presented in the Peruvian Congress results from studies of the alleged three-finger, Nazca humanoids. Some Peruvian medical doctors also participated. And also the Inkari Institute which also conducted an analysis of samples related with the alleged three-finger humanoid “mummies” from Nazca-Palpa. They presented in the Peruvian Congress from about 9 AM to 1 PM on November, 19th, 2018. The event was hosted by Congressman Armando Villanueva from Cuzco.

Later on that same day there was another presentation by Peruvian scientists who had analyzed for the state some the samples but which had concluded that they were fake, constructed bodies. I will first report on the findings by this group of scientists.

The Peruvian Astrobiology Association had invited the first group of scientists (those that spoke before Congress) to a scientific debate on that same (November 19th, 2018) after 5PM but, for unknown reasons, they didn’t come. So, instead of a debate, there was an exposition of findings against the veracity of the three finger bodies. This exposition took place at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM).

Since I was not able to go to the presentation in Peru’s Congress (because only the mass media had been invited, I’m told), I went later on at 5PM to listen to the scientists that held an opposite view to the one heard at the Congress.

These are some notes from the conference of Peruvian scientists who physically analyzed some of the specimens of possible Nasca-Palpa tridactyl humanoids. November 19, 2018. In contrast with the scientists that presented at the Peruvian Congress, their studies lead them to conclude that the alleged three-finger humanoid bodies are fakes, modern assemblages.

Magister Flavio Estrada, a forensic archaeologist, founder of the Specialized Forensic Laboratory of the Legal Medicine Institute of Forensic Sciences of the Public Ministry, former professor of physical anthropology at the UNMSM.

No living being has a square magnus foramen hole. The specimen shown does not have condyles or point of contact with the first cervical vertebra. The hole is flat and – anatomically speaking – does not exist. A presumed skin covers the edges of the alleged magnum hole. It is impossible for the skin to extend all the way and locate there.

Referring to a small body:
It does not seem to have an anatomical correlation. It has no clavicle and without it the shoulder blades take a posterior position, which is not possible.

Referring to a small body:
The neck has no vertebrae in one of the samples of a supposed humanoid. The x-ray shows that the neck is formed by the middle part of a long bone or diaphysis and was placed inside a head like a pivot. The head shows the tricuspid teeth of a small mammal.

The knee was cut and levered. The leverage pulls out a substance that looks like like a tongue. There is no epiphysis or adaptive bulbous end in the long bones. There is nothing that binds the bones.

Speaking about an x-ray of a long hand of 3 fingers. There is no anatomical correlation. Diaphyses of human adults and combined human children are observed to build the hand. The 3 long fingers constructed with a combination of metacarpals and phalanges.

Dr. Ernesto Ávalos, a pharmaceutical chemist from the National Major Univ. Of San Marcos (UNMSM). He participated in a first report at the request of the Prosecutor’s Office of Nasca. He made infrared spectroscopy analysis to a sample of supposed flesh that covers the bones of a supposed humanoid tridactyl of Nasca-Palpa. The molecules of the sample react to infrared light and transmit unique microwaves for each element part of a molecule. The molecules discovered: In greater quantity: palmitic acid (oil), paraffin (wax). In smaller quantity: glue, polyethylene vinyl acetate (plastic). All modern components.

In another sample: Paper.
In another sample: Glue, paraffin, plastic, cyanoacrylate, polystyrenes, acetates, celluloses (papers), wood remains.
The joints of the bones and the supposed skins that covered the skulls were studied.
Pectin, acanthus gum.
In general: glues, paper, plastics and vegetable fiber.
The prosecutor’s samples were part of the same lot as those from analyzed by scientists associated with Gaia TV, Instituto Inkari, Jaime Maussan and Tercer Milenio. But – in terms of physical samples available – they are not the largest samples.

The antiquity of the skeletal remains was determined by other professionals.

Pedro Pérez: Specialist in tomography: Presentation at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos: The density of the presumed eggs of the Josefina specimen is similar to the density of a metal. There are denser femur bones and less dense femur bones combined to form the legs in the same specimen. In the specimen called “Alberto” there is a metal on one side. Observing the tomography of the feet of “Maria” metatarsals have been added to the carpus of the hand.

Due to misunderstandings of different sorts, both groups of scientists have not met to compare studies, dialogue and debate! Their respective organizers, supporters and often individual scientists in both groups often criticize each other’s intentions and methods without actually meeting in a congenial way to exchange studies and ideas.

Some say there are economic interests on the pro humanoid part.

To be fair, at some point, later on, I’ll try to summarize some of the research findings expressed by the scientists that went to the Peruvian Congress. For now I’ll say that several genetic laboratories found that the samples taken from different specimens were not human.

But the following link is the 4-hour presentation (in Spanish) they gave in favor of the anomalous nature of many of the alleged three-finger humanoids. Let’s remember that there are several samples of different sizes and characteristics. The link is of the presentation that took place in the Peruvian Congress on the morning of November 19, 2018. It must be carefully contrasted with what the opposing group of scientists presented.

Presentation in the Peruvian Congress:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fzPs-cdiik

Post-presentation press conference at the Peruvian Congress in the following link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFNCtp-KcK8

————————————————————————————–

UPDATE: As of today – February 25, 2019 – (and also already in November, 2018), after publishing this article and seeing that more evidence in favor was forthcoming and after carefully listening to both sides of the debate, I became once again more convinced that SOME SPECIMENS ARE GENUINE.  These evaluations do not come from a fanatic, dogmatic position but as an attempt to know the objective truth.

Please note that, even while writing this article, I never abandoned the idea that some could be genuine. I was only temporarily a somewhat more inclined against it.  But it is difficult to be scientifically neutral because it lends itself to misunderstanding. While I was trying to be neutral some people strongly in favor of the specimens being genuine thought that I was a detractor and the others that I was an unscientific ‘believer’. 

Soon after I wrote this article, I became aware of better images and other reports. An extensive, in-depth, genetic test performed on a smaller (60 cm long approx) specimen and other important analysis and pieces of evidence swayed my evaluation more in favor soon once again after I had posted this article.

I have not only tried to listen to scientists vying for both sides of the issue but have also tried to facilitate them getting together to have decent conversations instead of negatively criticizing each other often in an ad hominem manner. 

The main purpose for writing this article was to give both groups of scientists (in favor and against) a fair hearing. It should be clear that the “refutation” in the title of this article is not my refutation per se but that which was presented by scientists at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. 

After carefully considering evidence in favor (including better resolution tomographies), I published (also in November, 2018) the following more favorable account: 

Nazca Humanoid Mummies: High-Resolution Tomography (and Genetic Sequencing) Reveals Truths

http://edy.rdz.mybluehost.me/exonews/nazca-humanoid-mummies-high-resolution-tomography-reveals-truths/

Side note:

There has been controversy regarding who found the specimens and under what circumstances, including the lack of a clearly known archeological context. This has been used to dismiss the entire case or to object to further studies. In fact, I have been called “stupid” and crazy” by name and surname in the airwaves (radio and cable TV) for stating an opinion. This is called DEFAMATION.  The opinion which I still sustain is that since we have physical, biological specimens at hand, we need to focus on them more than on the dubious information about who found them, their exact archaeological, cultural and geological context and whether they are being negotiated or not. While the latter issues are important (and more information should be found about them), the former issue (the PHYSICAL EVIDENCE that CAN BE ANALYZED) is more DETERMINING. If  (after all is said and done) scientists show that at least some of the samples have not been artificially assembled and that their genes do not match any biological specimens on Earth, the controversy about who found them and under what circumstances or whether he or she wants to sell them, or even that an ideal, standard scientific procedure was not followed, will not change the main findings. 

I’m not a specialist in mummies but as an educated, concerned citizen, I value the fact that verifying the specimens can be of great consequence culturally, politically and exopolitically. This is why I try to offer information about it attempting to be as objective as possible. 

This is How NASA Should Hunt Space For Aliens and UFOs

by Sebastian Kettley                  October 15, 2018                     (express.co.uk)

• Seventeen scientists representing the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) have released a report urging NASA to focus all future missions on the hunt for astrobiological alien life. The report was mandated by the U.S. Congress.

• The report argues that growing public interest in life outside of Earth will dictate the course of NASA’s research in the “coming decade”. The report reads: “In the three years since publication of NASA’s Astrobiology Strategy 2015, significant scientific, technological and programmatic advances in the quest for life beyond earth have taken place.” “Scientific advances have revolutionised fields of astrobiological study, ranging from results from missions focused on exoplanets, such as Kepler, to continuing discovery from existing planetary missions.”

• NASA’s astrobiologists have primarily looked at candidates for life in the solar system so far, such as Mars and the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. In recent years, NASA has found evidence of complex organic molecules in Martian rock, water plumes Saturn’s moon Enceladus and even icy deposits of water on our Moon. But an ever-growing list of exoplanets discovered far out beyond the borders of our corner of space have expanded the potential number of worlds where life could exist.

• Scientists are now hoping to unravel the mysteries of how life begins in the first place and whether these exoplanets have the right conditions for live to thrive. “Evidence from major transitions in environmental conditions from early Earth to today, and an understanding of how they occurred, is critical for the search for life.”

• The new report comes in contrast to NASA’s recent efforts to hunt the universe for signs of alien technosignatures – artificially created evidence of life in space such as radio signals – as opposed to biosignatures.

 

NASA should focus all future missions on the hunt for astrobiological alien life, top scientists have urged in a new report.

Seventeen scientists representing the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) believe the hunt for alien life is paramount.

In a report mandated by the US Congress, the 17 experts claimed astrobiology needs to be at the forefront of NASA’s research in space.

The scientists labelled astrobiology a “field of rapid change” where technological and scientific progress is advancing the quest to discover alien life.

Their report reads: “In the three years since publication of NASA’s Astrobiology Strategy 2015, significant scientific, technological and programmatic advances in the quest for life beyond earth have taken place.

“Scientific advances have revolutionised fields of astrobiological study, ranging from results from missions focused on exoplanets, such as Kepler, to continuing discovery from existing planetary missions.”

The report further argued growing public interest in astrobiology and life outside of Earth will dictate the course of NASA’s research in the “coming decade”.

Astrobiology is the study of the origins, development and spread of life throughout the universe.

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Star Trek’s Humanoid Aliens May Not Be Far Off

by Andrew Whalen                    October 18, 2018                  (newsweek.com)

• In his new book, The Equation of Life: How Physics Shapes Evolution, Charles Cockell, an astrobiologist at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, argues for the possibility of a “universal biology.” Extraterrestrials could look “eerily similar to the life we see on Earth,” said Cockell. “Life on Earth might be a template for life in the universe.”

• The possibility that aliens may be too strange to even recognize as intelligent life has been proposed as a possible response to the Fermi Paradox, which ponders why we haven’t yet encountered signs of extraterrestrial civilization.

• Cockell believes the physical laws underlying evolution likely reverberate up through complex, multicellular organisms, essentially establishing a restricted scope of biological possibilities, many or most of which may already be expressed on Earth. While Cockell’s suppositions are frustratingly untestable, his book gives argumentative validity to our depictions of aliens as four-limbed humanoids with roughly similar sensory apparatus.

• [Editor’s Note]   Modern science continues to view life in the galaxy from the standpoint of a Darwinian ‘natural evolution’. But what if ancient beings from a billion years ago became the ‘creators’, and genetically manipulated a variety of infinite types of beings throughout the universe? And what if a creator in our particular part of the galaxy adapted these genetics to a standard human-form template to create the dominant intelligent humanoid being that dominates this section of the galaxy?

It’s commonly accepted that of course extraterrestrial life doesn’t look like aliens do on Star Trek. Real aliens, wherever they are and whatever they may look like, certainly haven’t spent a few hours in a makeup chair to add brow ridges or threat ganglia. The possibility that aliens may be too strange to even recognize as intelligent life has been proposed as a possible response to the Fermi Paradox, which ponders why we haven’t yet encountered signs of extraterrestrial civilization.

Charles Cockell

But while it may be spectacularly unlikely that alien first contact will be with people who look like us (except with bowl cuts and pointy ears), a new book argues we shouldn’t be so quick to assume extraterrestrial life will be so far out of our biological frame of understanding. Alien life may be more Star Trek than Lovecraft.

The Equation of Life: How Physics Shapes Evolution by Charles Cockell, an astrobiologist at the University of Edinburgh, argues for the possibility of a “universal biology.”

“My view is underpinned by a simple proposition,” Cockell writes. “Evolution is just a tremendous and exciting interplay of physical principles encoded in genetic material. The limited number of these principles. The limited number of these principles, expressed in equations, means that the finale of this process is also restrained and universal.”

Cockell argues that carbon and water aren’t just incidental to life on Earth, but are close to the optimum material and medium for the emergence of organic life (so no silicon-based Horta), themselves bound by the narrow physical parameters in which organic molecules can exist.

Extraterrestrials could look “eerily similar to the life we see on Earth,” Cockell told Forbes. “Life on Earth might be a template for life in the universe.”

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How Would We Recognize an Alien if We Actually Saw One?

by Samuel Levin               October 10, 2018                 (aeon.co)

• Astrobiology – the study of life on other planets – has grown from a fringe sub-discipline of biology, chemistry and astronomy to a leading interdisciplinary field, attracting researchers from top institutions across the globe, and large sums of money from both NASA and private funders. But what exactly are astrobiologists looking for? Would they even recognize an alien being?

• Under Darwin’s theory of ‘natural selection’, we can expect an extraterrestrial being to have reached that place in its development naturally through survival and reproduction. This combination of complex design (to better survive) and apparent purpose (to reproduce), also known as ‘adaptedness’, defines life. Entities are designed to fit their surroundings. The organism’s ‘design’ variation is always improving over the generations, which allows for ‘design to appear without a designer’.

• If alien development wasn’t ruled by natural selection, the aliens wouldn’t be able to cope with changes on their planet, and so would disappear before we found them. Therefore, aliens must be the product of natural selection, following certain Darwinian rules to produce only certain kinds of organisms. Thus, astrobiologists can use the theory of natural selection and the mathematics of evolution to make predictions about alien development.

• [Editor’s Note]  On the other hand, what if the biggest game in the universe was genetic experimentation to create endless types of beings? What if technologically advanced ‘creators’ have simply adapted a humanoid “star template”, i.e.: a head, torso, two arms and two legs, as a practical template for the vast majority of intelligent beings? And what if these created intelligent humanoid beings were scattered all over the galaxy/universe already? What if Earth humans were unremarkable – a common entity throughout the galaxy, and were even at the lower end of the intellectual, technological and spiritual development scale? Or what if the different Earth human races were the descendants of various refugee groups from other worlds?  What if Darwin’s ‘natural selection’ had nothing to do with human or alien development, but these attributes were indeed ‘given’ to us not by natural selection but by ‘purposeful creation’ in order to survive in a particular environment? Once we have shed our belief that we are the only intelligent beings alive in the universe – having evolved ‘naturally’ from the planet’s primordial ooze, an entirely new universal paradigm of ‘creative evolution’ will be revealed to us as we raise our collective consciousness. It’s coming folks, so hold onto your hats.

 

What would convince you that aliens existed? The question came up recently at a conference on astrobiology, held at Stanford University in California. Several ideas were tossed around – unusual gases in a planet’s atmosphere, strange heat gradients on its surface. But none felt persuasive. Finally, one scientist offered the solution: a photograph. There was some laughter and a murmur of approval from the audience of researchers: yes, a photo of an alien would be convincing evidence, the holy grail of proof that we’re not alone.

But why would a picture be so convincing? What is it that we’d see that would tell us we weren’t just looking at another pile of rocks? An alien on a planet orbiting a distant star would be wildly exotic, perhaps unimaginably so. What, then, would give it away as life? The answer is relevant to our search for extraterrestrials, and what we might expect to find.

Astrobiology – the study of life on other planets – has grown from a fringe sub-discipline of biology, chemistry and astronomy to a leading interdisciplinary field, attracting researchers from top institutions across the globe, and large sums of money from both NASA and private funders. But what exactly is it that astrobiologists are looking for? How will we know when it’s time to pop the Champagne?

One thing that sets life apart from nonlife is its apparent design. Living things, from the simplest bacteria to the great redwoods, have vast numbers of intricate parts working together to make the organism function. Think of your hands, heart, spleen, mitochondria, cilia, neurons, toenails – all collaborating in synchrony to help you navigate, eat, think and survive. The most beautiful natural rock formations lack even a tiny fraction of the myriad parts of a single bacterial cell that coordinate to help it divide and reproduce.

And living things, unlike dirt and wind, appear to be trying to do things – eat, grow, survive, reproduce. If you’ve ever tried to squish a resilient bug, you know that it doesn’t require a complex mind for an organism to appear to want to survive. Or for a squirrel to ‘want’ to jump from one branch to the next. Or for a plant to ‘try’ to reach towards the Sun and soak up nutrients from the soil. Not only do living things have many intricate parts, but all of those parts have the same, common purpose ¬– survival and reproduction. This combination of complex design and apparent purpose, also known as adaptedness, defines life. When we look at that photo of an alien, it’s exactly this adaptedness that would make us go: ‘Aha!’ We would see, clearly, the difference between a disappointing pile of rocks and an exciting alien – design. This is good news, because there’s only one way to get such design: natural selection.

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Scientists On the Brink of Finding New Life, Astrobiologist Says

by Sean Martin                  September 21, 2018                   (express.co.uk)


• Professor Lewis Dartnell, an astrobiologist at the University of Westminster in London, thinks that scientists are on the brink discovering extraterrestrial life within the solar system! “We’d be looking for life that is fundamentally different from us and most likely single-celled organisms,” said Dartnell, speaking at the New Scientist Live exhibition in London. “We are exploring our local cosmic neighborhood with machines.”

• Professor Dartnell says if organisms can survive in extremely harsh conditions on Earth, there is no reason why they could not survive on other worlds. For example, methane worms are small worms measuring about two centimeters in length which live deep underwater and survive on methane ice. Saturn’s moon Titan has an average temperature of -150 Celsius and expels large amounts of methane.

• Billions of years ago, Mars was more Earth-like with an abundance of water and a thick atmosphere which made the planet warmer than it is today. Dartnell says, “There is no reason to suppose life didn’t have its genesis on Mars as we did on Earth.”

• [Editors Note]   How are these mainstream scientists going to feel when they finally learn that their academic knowledge, and that which has been passed along to their students, has been tremendously suppressed by deep state institutional actors, and that we have been in regular contact with intelligent extraterrestrials since World War II?

 

ALIEN life is out there in our solar system and scientists believe they have the power to find it, an astrobiologist said.

Experts and laymen have been on the hunt for alien life elsewhere in the cosmos for centuries – but scientists now believe extraterrestrials may be in our galactic back garden and they are on the brink of discovering it.

Lewis Dartnell, an astrobiologist at the University of Westminster, says the “huge advances” in technology will lead to the discovery of aliens within the solar system in the not so distant future.

Speaking at the New Scientist Live exhibition in London, Prof Dartnell said: “One of the reasons that scientists are hopeful we might find alien life somewhere in the solar system is because we are exploring our local cosmic neighbourhood with machines.

“We’d be looking for life that is fundamentally different from us and most likely single-celled organisms.”

The astrobiologist – a scientist who hunts for life in the cosmos – says if organisms can survive in extremely harsh conditions on Earth, there is no reason why they could not survive on other worlds.
Prof Dartnell gave the example of methane worms – small worms measuring about two centimetres in length which live deep underwater and survive on methane ice.

He said: “As well as being astonishingly ugly, this animal life form can eat nothing more than frozen fart gas.

“It is an incredible example of the extreme conditions which life can live in.”

The scientist stressed that some conditions on Earth are similar to the environments on other planets, such as the desert-like terrain of Mars or the freezing conditions of Saturn’s moon Titan.
And he also states billions of years ago, Mars was more Earth-like.

The Red Planet once had a thick atmosphere which made the planet warmer than it is today and allowed an abundance of water to build up at a point “when life was just getting started on Earth”.

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NASA Leads New Search for Alien Life With Scientists Developing Guidebook for Finding Biosignatures

by Athena Yenko               June 27, 2018                 (techtimes.com)

• A NASA project called Nexus for Exoplanet Systems Science or NExSS was formed three years ago and comprised of an international team of scientists, astrobiologists, planetary scientists, Earth scientists, heliophysicists, astrophysicists, chemists, and biologists, are searching the 3,700 exoplanets discovered in the past 30 years for signs of extraterrestrial life known as biosignatures. The initial results of the team’s work are detailed in five separate papers published in June in the journal Astrobiology.

• Biosignatures are any element, particles, molecules, or phenomenon that may have been created by alien life forms at present or left behind by the extraterrestrials in the past and serves as proof of other beings hiding or still living in one of these exoplanets.

• The scientists aim to identify as many biosignatures as they can, especially those that are not found on Earth. This way, the scientists hoped to avoid being tricked into thinking that a planet is uninhabitable just because it does not have similar biosignatures with what is found on Earth.

• “We have to be open to the possibility that life may arise in many contexts in a galaxy with so many diverse worlds — perhaps with purple-colored life instead of the familiar green-dominated life forms on Earth, for example,” explained Mary Parenteau, a coauthor of one of the papers and an astrobiologist at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley. Edward Schwieterman, the lead author of one of the papers, said for example, the absence of oxygen in one planet is not enough basis to classify that planet as uninhabitable. Instead of focusing on whether a planet is habitable or not,experts should focus on the detectability of life on the planet.

• Another paper evaluated atmospheric conditions, the presence of oceans and continents, and its overall climate. Two other papers discussed future scientific technologies that can be used to accurately detect biosignatures even from the most distant exoplanets.

 

NASA is at the helm of a new project searching for signs of extraterrestrial life among the 3,700 exoplanets discovered in the past 30 years.

The project specifically aims to identify biosignatures that may have been created by alien life forms at present or left behind by the extraterrestrials in the past. Biosignatures are any element, particles, molecules, or phenomenon that serves as proof of other beings hiding or still living in one of these exoplanets.

The project, called Nexus for Exoplanet Systems Science or NExSS, was formed three years ago with the ultimate goal of finding answers to question whether humans are alone in the universe. NASA builds an international team of scientists comprised of astrobiologists, planetary scientists, Earth scientists, heliophysicists, astrophysicists, chemists, and biologists to work on the project.

Initial results of the team’s work were detailed in five separate papers published this month in the journal Astrobiology.

Ultimately, the papers all proposed ways to interpret the presence of most promising signs of life so that humans may distinguish another living world that might have been masquerading as a barren planet all along. They wanted to make way to pass the stage of theorizing to finally coming up with robust scientific proof.

“Given the massive implications of detecting an alien biosphere on an exoplanet, we’re going to need all the tools in the toolbox to build up a sufficient level of confidence in our findings,” said Theresa Fisher, a contributing author in one of the papers and a geological science graduate from Arizona State University’s School of Earth and Space Exploration.

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Whistleblower Claims ETs and UFOs Are Being Harvested in an Underground Facility

by Paul Harper          April 26, 2018              (dailystar.co.uk)

• Recently emerged whistleblower, Emery Smith (pictured above), says he worked in a deep underground biological facility located in the USA where research is being conducted on extraterrestrial bodies retrieved from crashed or captured spaceships. Smith alleges to have examined more than 3,000 body parts of alien beings. Smith served in the U.S. Air Force before becoming a scientist for major corporations on U.S. military projects.

• In a YouTube video posted on the ‘Destroying the Illusion’ channel (see 35:43 minute video below), Smith makes a number of incredible revelations including that ET flying saucers are mostly “organic and [consciously] linked to the driver”, they can be “infused with life and intelligence” and “change shape”. “I’ve witnessed many different craft in these projects, I was actually working with the craft and bodies because they’re connected,” said Smith.

• Smith claims to have worked on number different types of flying saucers, “[T]hey might come in the form of light and they can manifest and change their atomic structure to become a solid.” “These craft can actually go inter-dimensional, they can change shape with all of the occupants not knowing it’s happening and then reform again in different worlds and different dimensions, and different parts of the universe immediately.” “[These craft] have their own atmosphere, their own gravity, they have their own little space… which keeps them completely encapsulated in it.” “And that’s why they can go a million miles per hour and make a right hand turn, because they don’t feel it.” Smith says that this ET technology is “thousands of years ahead” of ours, and that it is being suppressed from the public.

• Smith’s stated reason for going public is that ET technology could completely change human life by offering free energy and groundbreaking medical cures.

 

Emery Smith, also known as the “Black Project whistleblower”, alleges he worked in a deep underground biological facility located in the USA.

There, Smith claims work is taking place on extraterrestrial technology harvested from alien beings and their crashed or captured spaceships which would change the world as we know it.

In a YouTube video, he makes a number of incredible revelations including that ET flying saucers are mostly “organic and linked to the driver”, they can be “infused with life and intelligence” and “change shape”.

Smith claims he served in the US Air Force before becoming a scientist who worked for major corporations on US military projects.

He alleges to have examined more than 3,000 body parts of alien beings.

It has been reported that Smith said he was based at a ultra-secret section of the huge Kirkland Air Force Base in New Mexico, USA.

In the YouTube video, posted by the ‘Destroying the Illusion’ channel, he makes some astonishing claims.

“I’ve witnessed many different craft in these projects, I was actually working with the craft and bodies because they’re connected,” Smith claims.

“A lot of the craft are organic material which means only the driver of that race can operate the vehicle due to their frequency of the genetic DNA and the frequency that they are emitting.

“It’s kind of like having a pet or a car that only responds to the owner.

“These types of vehicles are so amazing, they are usually made in space through harmonics and frequency.

“So they can actually give life to a craft and enthuse it with artificial intelligence or consciousness, or both.

“And match it to the driver or occupant, of this vehicle.”

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Have You got This Blood Type? Then You Could Be Descended From Aliens

by Sean Martin               April 9, 2018                 (express.co.uk)

• Everyone on the planet has either O, A, B, or AB type blood – ‘positive or negative’. Positive and negative refers to the Rh level in the blood. The Rh level refers to the Rhesus factor, which brings a specific antigen in the blood. Some 85 percent of people carry the antigen and are Rh positive.

• The remaining 15 percent of the population do not carry the antigen and are labled ‘Rh negative’. These people have unique personality traits including higher than average IQ, lower body temperature, sensitive vision and higher blood pressure.

• In an article for The Spirit Science, researcher Lara Starr writes, “In the study of genetics, we find that we can only inherit what our ancestors had; except in the case of mutation. …Therefore, if man and ape had evolved from a common ancestor, their blood would have evolved the same way…we would all have the same blood type.

• So where did this Rh antigen that most of us carry come from? And why does a small percentage of the population not carry the antigen? Are they not descended from the homo-sapiens bloodline? Do they descend from an extraterrestrial species? Mainstream scientists readily dismiss any such extraterrestrial claims maintaining that the Rh blood types are simply a by-product of “evolution”.

 

Everyone on the planet has either O, A, B, or AB but a sub-category to this is whether an individual is Rh positive or negative.

The Rh level refers to the Rhesus factor, which brings a specific antigen in the blood – if your blood does not carry the antigen, you are Rh negative.

Some 85 percent of people are Rh positive, and according to a startling claim, the remaining 15 percent of us could be descendants of aliens.

Researcher Lara Starr states that if everyone had truly evolved from apes, we would all have the same blood type.

In an article for The Spirit Science, she writes: “In the study of genetics, we find that we can only inherit what our ancestors had; except in the case of mutation.

“We can have any of numerous combinations of traits inherited from all our ancestors.

“Therefore, if man and ape had evolved from a common ancestor, their blood would have evolved the same way.

“Blood factors are transmitted with much more exactitude than any other characteristic. All other earthly primates also have this Rh factor.

“If we had all evolved from the same ancestor, we would all have the same blood.”

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Is Humanity Unusual In The Cosmos?

by Adam Frank            April 2, 2018             (npr.org)

• Harvard astrophysicists Avi Loeb and Manasvi Lingam are exploring the universe looking for ‘exo-civilizations’ using “bio-signatures” and “techno-signatures” that are more technologically advanced than the radio waves that SETI depends on. Loeb and Lingam have explored a number of different ways we might find markers of another civilization.

• For instance, light reflected from a planet covered in power-generating solar cells would carry a techno-signature “signal” of all that silicon. Loeb was quick to point out that a civilization need not be alive now for us to find the techno-signatures that they left behind.

• As our technologies gets better we might suddenly find lots of signals from the activity of technological civilizations. Even a slight change in gravitational waves would create a techno-signature. There also may be artifacts existing in space rather than on planets. “These ‘messages in a bottle’ would be very difficult to detect because they would be putting out very low power,” Loeb said.

• “We humans are probably not special,” Loeb says. With so many planets in the universe, the rise of civilizations may not be so usual. And what makes this moment in history so unique is that we are now poised to start observing exo-planets and their environments in all kinds of new ways.

 

We’re entering uncharted territory.

For more than 2,000 years, we humans have been arguing about life and, in particular, intelligent life in the universe. But arguing was pretty much where it always ended.

For all that time, we never had any evidence or any data that could raise the discussion above two people with different opinions yelling at each other.

But this era may well be nearing its end.

The “exoplanet” revolution of the last 20 years has shown us that the universe is awash in alien worlds. More exciting, we now have methods where the atmospheres of those worlds may provide indirect evidence — called “bio-signatures” — for the existence of life.

Over the next few decades we may finally have data relevant to the question of other life in the universe.

But what if we want to ask about intelligence? What about alien civilizations — or, as I like to call them, “exo-civilizations”? This is something I have been thinking about a lot over the last few years (it’s the subject of my new book). In carrying out my own studies, I have often been drawn to the work of Harvard astrophysicist Avi Loeb.

                               Avi Loeb

Loeb works on a variety of subjects, including black holes and early cosmic history. But together with collaborator Manasvi Lingam, Loeb has carried out work that is simultaneously deep and expansive on the topic of astrobiology and exo-civilizations.

When we think of aliens and science, we usual usually think of the Search of Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). This has often meant radio telescopes being used to search for messages purposely beamed at us from an exo-civilization. But unlike these kinds of purposeful signals, a “techno-signature” is an unintentional marker of the civilization’s existence. With the discovery of so many exo-planets, astronomers will now be spending a lot time staring at these other worlds in many different wavelengths of light (not just radio). This is how they hope to find bio-signatures.

But what about techno-signatures?

     Manasvi Lingam

Loeb and Lingam have explored a number of different ways we might find markers of another civilization. What, for example, would be the consequences of a civilization covering large portions of its planet in solar cells to generate power? Lingam and Loeb have shown that light reflected from such a planet would carry a “signal” of all that silicon on the planet’s surface, making it an intriguing example of a techno-signature.

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Astrobiologist Says We’ve Discovered Proof Aliens Are Seeding New Life on Earth With Space Bacteria

by Chris Mahon          April 2, 2018           (outerplaces.com)

• British microbiologist Dr. Milton Wainwright sent a balloon 84,000 feet in the atmosphere to collect dust and other particles. When he got a look, he found in the sample a tiny metal ball made of titanium and vanadium, about the width of a human hair, with a “gooey” biological substance inside. The metallic ball seemed to be covered in a “fungus-like knitted mat-like covering,” and made a small impact crater where it hit the sampler, suggesting that it was traveling at high speed.  (see microscopic images above)

• Wainwright published his findings in the Journal of Cosmology, postulating that the tiny ball could be evidence of panspermia by an extraterrestrial civilization.

• The Journal of Cosmology later removed the article.

 

We have a pretty good picture of how life evolved on Earth (depending on who you talk to), but the real question is how it began.

One theory, called “panspermia,” hypothesizes that extraterrestrial microorganisms lying dormant on the surface of comets or meteors crashed into Earth billions of years ago and kickstarted the development of life. A related theory, called “directed panspermia,” poses the idea that an alien civilization could seed planets with life by purposefully sending objects containing bacteria—and that’s what Dr. Milton Wainwright claims to have found.

        Dr. Milton Wainwright

While collecting dust and other particles in the atmosphere with a balloon floating at around 84,000 feet, Wainwright’s sampler was hit by a tiny metal ball, apparently composed of titanium and vanadium.

The ball was about the width of a human hair and contained a “gooey” biological substance inside. In addition, the ball seemed to be covered in a “fungus-like knitted mat-like covering,” and made a small impact crater where it hit the sampler, suggesting that it was traveling at high speed.

Wainwright has claimed that this tiny ball could be evidence that panspermia is possible, and that its source may be an extraterrestrial civilization. However, he admits that there’s almost no way to prove this claim: “Unless of course, we can find details of the civilization that is supposed to have sent it in this respect it is probably an unprovable theory.”

Wainwright published his findings in the Journal of Cosmology, but the article has apparently been removed.

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