Tag: obama

America’s ‘Star Wars’ Against China

Article by Tom Fowdy                                 November 25, 2020                                  (news.cgtn.com)

• The Trump administration has announced that it is adding an additional 89 Chinese aerospace companies to the list of those prohibited from acquiring US-made components and technologies without approval, linking them to a “national security threat.” The obvious goal is protectionism – to stifle China’s own development in the aerospace sector, forcing China to rely on US firms such as Boeing.

• The Trump administration has made the decision that China represents a competitor in space exploration and technology, and that Beijing wants to militarize outer space. As China sends its Chang’e-5 lunar module to the Moon, Trump is trying to undermine China’s entire aerospace industry to gain the upper hand.

• In 2018, Trump created Space Force “to protect US and allied interests in space and to provide space capabilities to the joint force” including satellite-orientated warfare and missile technology. Is this not the militarization of outer space contravening the 1967 Outer Space Treaty? The United States wants to gain unchallenged military hegemony over the entire world and sees China as a “competitor.”

• The US defense community claims that it is Beijing that is militarizing space as it works on its own satellite and exploration programs. As an article from Defense News claims, “China wants to dominate space, and the US must take countermeasures.” Beijing, however, claims to uphold the consensus that space is for peaceful development only.

• In December 2019, Foreign Ministry Spokesman Geng Shuang condemned the US Space Force, stating, “The relevant US actions are a serious violation of the international consensus on the peaceful use of outer space, undermine global strategic balance and stability, and pose a direct threat to outer space peace and security.”

• The “China threat” narrative is about maintaining US strategic supremacy as the only major player in outer space. This view predates Trump, with the Obama administration banning coordination of China’s national space agency with NASA in 2011, and excluding China from participating in the international space station.

• More attention should be focused on America’s emerging “Star Wars” against China. Space Force is a new strategic frontier for American militarization, aimed at competitor states such as China, in contravention of international law. The development of outer space exploration and technology ought only to be for peaceful purposes for “the common heritage of mankind.”

[Editor’s Note]   Can the Chinese Communist Party be trusted to be peaceful? The CCP has come under the control of the Deep State and President Trump knows this. As the white hat Alliance is in the process of dismantling the Deep State – in America, in China, and everywhere else in the world – the Deep State would like nothing better than to trigger a global war in order to maintain its long-standing global domination. The Deep State-controlled CCP is desperate as the Chinese people, and even President Xi Jinping himself, see the Chinese government’s corruption and are turning against the established Communist Party. So as things come to a head now in this five-dimensional chess game, Trump and the US military may have a very good reason to keep the pressure on Beijing.

 

A few days ago the news was announced that the Trump administration was preparing to add an additional 89 Chinese companies to the commerce department’s entity list, prohibiting them from acquiring U.S.-made components and technologies without approval and claiming they are linked to the military and represent a “national security threat.” The firms were noticeably all in the aerospace industry, with an obvious goal of attempting to stifle China’s own development in this sector and force Beijing to be reliant on U.S. firms such as Boeing. Given the Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (Comac) (a firm being listed) is launching its own domestically made alternative to the 737, the C919, next year, it is difficult to see the move in any other light. It’s obvious protectionism.

But there is another angle, a strategic one too, of outer space. The Trump administration has long made a decision that China represents a competitor in space exploration and technology, and claimed falsely that Beijing seeks to militarize the cosmos as a pretext for their own militarization plans, contravening the 1967 Outer Space Treaty which pledges that space and “celestial bodies” may only be used for “peaceful development” and not military means.

In doing so, the administration has over the past few years put in place plans to transform space into the newest “strategic frontier” and now, as China launches Chang’e-5, seeks to undermine China’s entire aerospace industry to gain the upper hand. As a result, this is a sphere worth watching.
The U.S. “Space Force”.

In 2018, Trump announced the creation of a “U.S. space force” or “space command.” Although the idea was ridiculed for sounding like something out of a science fiction novel, it is, in fact, something serious. The strategic objectives of such a command is, as is stated on its website, “to protect U.S. and allied interests in space and to provide space capabilities to the joint force.” That is the militarization of outer space. This includes things such as satellite-orientated warfare and missile technology. The United States wants to gain the upper hand in this sphere in order to maintain unchallenged military hegemony over the entire world and with that viewpoint comes the designation of China as a “competitor.”

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China In Space: Does the US Contest Or Cooperate?

Article by Theresa Hitchens                           May 04, 2020                            (breakingdefense.com)

• In an April 2020 Brookings Institution Report entitled “Managing China’s Rise In Outer Space” (see Brookings Report here), author Frank Rose asserts that “The United States faces a fundamental dilemma as it attempts to effectively manage China’s rise as a major actor in outer space.” The U.S. must find a balance between countering China’s anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons efforts and cooperating with China to address the key challenges facing the outer space environment, namely orbital debris and the rise of mega constellations.

• With over 120 intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance satellites in orbit, China is second only to the U.S. This includes 14 Gaofen satellites, China’s most advanced class of high resolution imagery satellites launched since July 2018. China also operates 34 communication satellites, four of which are dedicated exclusively for the military. China’s BeiDou ‘precision, navigation, and timing’ system (similar to the U.S.’s GPS system) will this year reach its goal of global coverage. The report notes that this will lessen China’s dependence on our GPS system, making it less vulnerable to U.S. interference, especially “during a crisis”.

• In the Brookings Report, Rose, who was Assistant Secretary for Arms Control in the Obama State Department, says that the US must live with the fact that China will be a peer in space, both militarily and in the civil and commercial spheres. While the U.S. needs to deter China’s growing ASAT capabilities, it also must also boost languishing diplomatic relations with Beijing on space issues. Rose accuses Trump of failing to continue the “robust period of dialogue during the Obama administration.” The bilateral US-China dialogue on space security has been largely neglected in the Trump administration,” the report says. The only inroads that Trump has pursued with China have been over the legal status of commercial mining of the Moon and asteroids.

• Rose believes a diplomatic strategy should include: deterrence against Chinese anti-satellite weaponry; reinvigorating bilateral dialogue on space security and civil policies; developing norms of behavior for outer space; and overcoming Congressional limitations on cooperative civil space projects with China.

• A recent study by the Secure World Foundation (see SWF study, “Global Counterspace Capabilities”, here) stated that China’s premier SC-19 mobile-launched ballistic missile can destroy “low earth orbit” satellites up to 2,000 kilometres (1,240 miles) in altitude – the altitude of most “observation” satellites.

• Another March study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (see CSIS study, “Space Threat Assessment 2020”, here) says that China has already started training specialized units of the Strategic Space Force in the use of “direct-ascent kinetic” anti-satellite weaponry. The studies found open-source evidence of a variety of Chinese efforts to develop counterspace-related technology from radio-frequency jamming to lasers for blinding satellites to ground-based missiles to on-orbit ‘killer satellite’ techniques.

[Editor’s Note]  In a a recent ExoArticle (see “The Truth Behind Russia’s Mystery ASAT Launch – ‘Not Operational’” here), director of the ‘Russian Nuclear Forces Project’ and senior research fellow at the ‘United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research’, Pavel Podvig pointed out that the Russian anti-satellite ‘Nudol’ interceptor can target satellites up to 1,240 miles in low earth orbit. Most U.S. spy satellites are in geostationary orbits of about 22,200 miles above the earth. “[I]t’s hard to imagine a military mission in which this capability would be useful,” said Podvig. The Chinese ASAT weapons mentioned here have a range of only about 2,000 kilometers (or 1,240 miles) as well.

Once again however, I fear that all of this hand-wringing over Chinese and Russian ground-to-space ballistic missiles being able to reach our low earth orbit ‘observation’ and GPS satellite constellation is a smokescreen hiding the real space race going on among the respective nation’s secret space programs.

Dr Michael Salla has just published a new book entitled Rise of the Red Dragon: Origins & Threat of China’s Secret Space Program (see here for book info) which looks behind the curtain of China’s secret space program. I reached out to Dr Salla to comment on the concerns and military threats that Frank Rose presents in the foregoing Brookings Institute Report.

“The threat posed by China’s expansion into space is far greater than it simply developing anti-satellite weapons systems to neutralize the US military’s extensive satellite grid,” said Dr Salla. “China has been developing a secret space program with electromagnetic propulsion and weapons systems that have been developed through the acquisition of foreign technologies gained through espionage and corporate theft. Perhaps even more significant has been China’s secretive reverse-engineering programs of off-world technologies. These advanced space technologies are being enhanced through China’s unrestrained adoption of Artificial Intelligence for communications and control systems. China is devoting significant resources into the expansion of its secret space program as part of the asymmetric “Assassin’s Mace” strategy of countering US hegemony on Earth and in space.”

“The long term strategy of China’s ruling Communist Party is to exceed US space capabilities by 2030, and it will exploit the vagaries of international law and space law to advance its hegemonic aspirations. There needs to be full disclosure of the capabilities and technologies all major space powers to prevent a future Space Pearl Harbor as China expands its military presence in space.”

 

WASHINGTON: The US must find a balance between countering China’s antisatellite (ASAT) weapons efforts and cooperating with it to stave off broader risks to the space operational environment, says a new Brookings Institution report.

          Frank Rose

“The United States faces a fundamental dilemma as it attempts to effectively manage China’s rise as a major actor in outer space,” says author Frank Rose,,State Department assistant secretary for arms control under President Barack Obama. “On one hand, China’s development of anti-satellite weapons represents a direct threat to U.S. and allied space systems. On the other hand, it is difficult to see how the United States and the international community will be able to address the key challenges facing the outer space environment — i.e., the growth of orbital debris and the rise of mega constellations — without engaging with China.”

“Managing China’s Rise In Outer Space” says the US must live with the fact that China will be a peer in space, both militarily and in the civil and commercial spheres. For example, the report points out that China is second only to the US in the number of military and commercial remote sensing satellites it operates.

While the US needs to deter China’s growing ASAT capabilities, it also must boost languishing diplomatic relations with Beijing on space issues that are, by necessity and physics, of mutual concern.

Such a strategy should include:
 “Enhancing deterrence and increasing resiliency against Chinese ASAT threats;
 Reinvigorating the U.S.-China bilateral dialogue on space security issues;
 Continuing the U.S.-China Civil Space Dialogue;
 Developing bilateral and multilateral norms of behavior for outer space;
 Identifying ways to cooperate with China on pragmatic civil space projects; and,
 Reviewing current congressional limitations on civil space cooperation with China.”

Rose notes that, while the Trump administration has taken efforts to counter Chinese ASAT capabilities, it has also allowed diplomatic efforts to languish.

“After a robust period of dialogue during the Obama administration, the bilateral U.S.-China dialogue on space security has been largely neglected in the Trump administration,” the paper says.

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FAIR USE NOTICE: This page contains copyrighted material the use of which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. ExoNews.org distributes this material for the purpose of news reporting, educational research, comment and criticism, constituting Fair Use under 17 U.S.C § 107. Please contact the Editor at ExoNews with any copyright issue.

Obama & senior US officials blackmailed into silence about UFOs & alien life

Title screen from new ExoNews TV Episode examining blackmail of Obama and US officials on UFOs.
Title screen from new ExoNews TV Episode examining blackmail of Obama and US officials on UFOs. Click here or image to watch

Edward Snowden has released official documents that show the extent of NSA surveillance of foreign political leaders. According to another NSA whistleblower, Russell Tice, the NSA does the same in the U.S. It conducts regular surveillance of senior U.S. officials including military officers, members of Congress, Supreme Court justices and even members of the executive branch. The goal, Tice claims, is to gain sensitive personal material on such senior U.S. officials for the purpose of blackmailing them into supporting policies favorable to the recipients of the NSA surveillance information. One of the policies is maintaining secrecy about UFOs and their extraterrestrial origins.

In December 2005, Tice came forward to publicly reveal how the NSA and the Defense Intelligence Agency were conducing unlawful wiretaps of U.S. citizens. He revealed to various media sources that among the targets were senior U.S. officials:

They went after high-ranking military officers; they went after members of congress — Senate and the House — especially on the intelligence committees and the armed services committees, lawyers, law firms, judges, State Department officials, part of the White House, multinational companies, financial firms, NGOs, civil rights groups …”

In June 2013, Tice was asked about the potential for blackmail of senior U.S. officials from NSA surveillance files:

Collins: Now Russ, the targeting of the people that you just mentioned, top military leaders, members of Congress, … intelligence committees, … and then executive branch appointees. This creates the basis, and the potential for massive blackmail.
Tice: Absolutely! And remember we talked about that before, that I was worried that the intelligence community now has sway over what is going on.

While Tice was not widely believed at the time, the Snowden NSA document leaks have confirmed many of his claims.

In a June 2014 interview with the Washington Blog about forthcoming Snowden based stories of NSA surveillance of U.S. citizens, Tice explained that the Snowden documents belong to a database called the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System.

These documents are accessible to all within the NSA with the necessary Top Secret and Sensitive Compartmented Information clearance levels. However, Tice claims that there are more restricted NSA information networks based on higher security levels. He describes two of these as Exceptionally Controlled Information (ECI) and Very Restricted Knowledge (VRK). It is in these more secretive networks that Tice found information concerning the surveillance of senior U.S. officials going back as far as the 1970s and the surveillance of Senator Frank Church who led a Senate investigation of the U.S. intelligence community.

Tice revealed that one of the recipients of the NSA’s secret surveillance files of U.S. leaders was former Vice President Dick Cheney:

… the whole thing was being directed and was coming from the vice president’s office … Cheney, through his lawyer David Addington…. all “sneaky pete” under the table, in the evening when most NSA employees are gone for the day. This is all being done in the evenings … between like 7 [at night] and midnight.

According to another whistleblower, Derek Hennessy, Cheney had direct knowledge of a secret UFO program based on extraterrestrial technologies at the highly secret S-4 facility at Area 51. Cheney was therefore well placed to use NSA information to find out who among U.S. officials had received information about UFOs and extraterrestrial technologies. He could use this NSA information to blackmail senior U.S. officials in order to maintain UFO secrecy.

Among the U.S. officials that have been monitored and blackmailed, according to Tice, is President Barack Obama who first came under the radar of the NSA when he became a candidate for the U.S. Senate.

In the summer of 2004, one of the papers that I held in my hand was to wiretap a bunch of numbers associated with a forty-some-year-old senator from Illinois …. That’s who the NSA went after. That’s the President of the United States now.

 

This helps explains why Obama backtracked on many campaign pledges, including that of the most open and transparent U.S. government in history. Obama’s pledges and choice of administration officials fueled speculation that was being prepared to disclose the truth of UFOs and their extraterrestrial origins.

The Art of Deception is a 50 page powerpoint presentation released by Snowden that confirms deception involving UFOs is part of online covert operations maintained by the NSA and its global intelligence partners.  Blackmailing senior U.S. officials into silence would be critical for the success of covert programs aimed at deceiving the public about UFOs. Based on documents released by Snowden and Tice’s earlier revelations, one can conclude that President Obama and senior U.S. officials are blackmailed by recipients of NSA surveillance information on a number of issues, including maintaining secrecy about UFOs and extraterrestrial life.

© Copyright 2014. Michael E. Salla, Ph.D.

Further Reading:

New Roswell Petition V – Seeking Transparency

ZNN EDITORIAL

 

There appears to be no end to the determination of researcher – one Stephen G. Bassett to challenge the Obama administration to live up to its promises of greater transparency in government.

By posting his fifth in a series of “We the People” petitions to the White House dealing with the UFO/ET issue it may represent an obsession with government prevarication, or a truly genius search for the truth that no one else is willing to take on; or both.

This time Bassett is demanding that the US government re-investigate the multiple and suspect military explanations around the crash near Roswell New Mexico in 1947. Bassett has once again placed yet another demand before the President and constitution-watchers.

Similar to other White House administrations, and despite immense evidence, the Obama administration has shown itself to be abjectly silent on any and all public discussion of the UFO/ET issue. Bassett however is abjectly determined to continue knocking on the White House door until he receives an answer. Although one of Bassett’s petitions did extract a comment from the Office of Science and Technology Policy, it failed to ignite any further media discussion about the UFO/ET matter.

One could argue that the historic Roswell incident is the key issue here. Quite the opposite. Bassett seems to have cleverly positioned the entire UFO/ET issue on the much larger American political agenda by using the popular and iconic Roswell event as a lightning rod into a deeper examination of government transparency, secrecy and media manipulation.

In an election year, where a second term for Obama is by no means guaranteed, Bassett may have provided Obama a perfect opportunity to end the silence – even if only a little – to give the American electorate a tiny taste of UFO goings-on. The chances of this – remote? – of course, however the abundant and growing evidence from highly credible military officials, astronauts and intelligence community insiders demonstrate the increasing flimsiness of the cover-up’s sustainability and the blatant use of government secrecy, in tandem with intimidation, to keep well equipped insiders quiet about the UFO reality.

In the petition Bassett points to documented and unshakable testimony by military and intelligence officials:

  • Lt Col. Philip Corso (USA) “I came into possession of the Roswell File. This file contained field reports, medical autopsy reports and technological debris from the crash of an extraterrestrial vehicle.”
  • Capt. Edgar Mitchell (USAF/NASA) “Roswell was a real incident, and that indeed an alien craft did crash, and that material was recovered from that crash site.”
  • Chase Brandon (CIA) “It was a craft that clearly did not come from this planet.”
  • Lt. Col. Richard French (USAF) “There were actually two crashes at Roswell.”

Needless to say, under any other set of circumstances, testimony of this magnitude by the likes of a former NASA astronaut-USAF pilot, a former CIA agent and American and foreign military officers would be taken as prima fascia evidence in a court of law. However because it just so happens to be about craft of non-Earth origin, it is all ignored, ridiculed and dispensed with – case closed – no discussion.

How does this happen in a democracy? One explanation, as Bassett appears to be implying, is that government is writing the news of the day for the press. If this is a shock to you – then you haven’t been paying attention.

The mainstream media has a distinct role to play in this matter – but they’re not. The press must be the public agent asking the dynamic questions that constitutionally require not only a response, but the truth. There is a difference.

Regrettably the media has remained silent on this matter – giving government a free hand in lying to its citizens about how NASA, the Navy, Air Force, the Army and FAA have engaged off-world-craft on a regular basis.

It is worth noting how the following statement by Bassett – made years ago – rings true today. He stated: “Governments have constitutionally always been allowed to keep secrets but they have never been granted the right to lie to its people.”

It is here that Bassett parts ways with many in the UFO research community in demanding that the American government uphold the constitution and cease prevaricating about the extraterrestrial presence engaging the planet.

A political act if there ever was one.

Larger groups like MUFON (The Mutual UFO Network) for example, can take a page or two from Mr. Bassett’s playbook and step forward to profile these questions in a more public and political manner – especially in an election year in which an issue like this could thrust itself onto the Presidential campaign agenda in a heartbeat.

Therefore three things need to happen:

1. The US government must be engaged in a positive and cooperative manner to come forward and openly inaugurate public discourse about all evidence in this matter, examine the testimony of its own military officials and ultimately admit they have been wittingly or unwittingly part of an extended generation of liars.

2. Amnesty must be offer to all and every individual within the military and intelligence community who may wish to come forward about their experiences or part in the cover-up.

3. The mainstream media must set aside their indolent corporate conscience and get to work on exposing every aspect of the cover-up. Transparency in government was a corner stone of Obama’s new residency in Washington at the time of his election. However the truth be told, no other bounce-back rhetoric catches Barack Obama in his tracks than his January 2009 statement on transparency.

Will a new investigation of the Roswell crash be a response to Obama’s transparency promises? Maybe. Will the constancy and determination of Stephen G. Bassett knocking on the White House door jar loose a few rafters at the White House - revealing cracks in the truth embargo and an end to secrecy?

The short answer – One thing is for sure – Bassett won’t give.

The long answer – Bassett’s onslaught of now five separate petitions to date on the UFO/ET issue are perhaps less significant individually than they are collectively. Because the whole is greater than the sum of all its parts, Bassett’s ‘petition’ messages to government and media are clear: Fulfill your mandate both constitutionally and journalistically and let’s get on with a new era of truth.

____________________________________________________

To see and sign the Petition go to: “We the People”.

See also: The Paradigm Research Group 

Review by Dr. Michael Salla: White House Petition

_______________________________________________________

ZlandCommunications NewsNetwork

Toronto Ontario Canada

zland@sympatico.ca

905.278.1238

ZlandCommunications
A news service that takes you to the edge… and beyond.

 

Difference of opinion concerning ET

White House We the People Petition

Bill Wickersham

According to the website of the Exopolitics Institute, directed by Dr. Michael E. Salla, “Exopolitics is an interdisciplinary scientific field with its roots in the political sciences that focuses on research, education and public policy with regard to the actors, institutions and processes associated with extraterrestrial (E.T.) life, as well as the wide range of implications this entails through public advocacy and newly emerging paradigms.”

One of the world’s most well respected and active exopolitical analysts is Stephen Bassett, Executive Director of the Bethesda, MD based Paradigm Research Group (PRG) and head of the Extraterrestrial Phenomenon Political Action Committee (X-PPAC) which sponsors exopolitical activities on Capitol Hill, other parts of the U.S., and various locations throughout the world. Since 1996, Bassett has joined with numerous research and advocacy organizations to seek an end to the 64-year government truth embargo regarding unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and the extraterrestrial presence engaging humankind.

One major PRG activity involves President Barack Obama’s “We the People” program through which U.S. Citizens can request that officials “take action on a range of important issues facing our country.” The government’s website states that if a petition of a citizen organization or group gets enough support: “White House staff will review it, ensure it’s sent to the appropriate policy experts and issue an official response.”

Shortly after the “We the People” project was put online, Stephen Bassett penned an extraterrestrial disclosure petition which reads:

We, the undersigned, strongly urge the President of the United States to formally acknowledge an extraterrestrial presence engaging the human race and immediately release into the public domain all files from all agencies and military services relevant to this phenomenon.

After PRG obtained over 12,000 signatures, the petition was accepted by the White House . In an unprecedented article titled “Dear White House: Please Tell Us the Truth About E.T.” (10/18/11) by Wall Street Journal writer Laura Meckler, Bassett said: “The fact is that there is an extraterrestrial presence. I know this because I’m familiar with the research, and a couple of hundred government witnesses have come forward in the last couple years. Acknowledging the E.T. presence is about open government.”

In a November 7, 2011 response to the PRG disclosure petition, White House space policy specialist and spokesperson Phil Larson stated:

Thank you for signing the petition asking the Obama Administration to acknowledge an extraterrestrial presence here on Earth. The U.S. government has no evidence that any life exists outside our planet, or that an extraterrestrial presence has contacted or engaged any member of the human race. In addition, there is no credible information to suggest that any evidence is being hidden from the public eye… Many scientists and mathematicians have looked with a statistical mindset at the question of whether life likely exists beyond Earth and have come to the conclusion that the odds are pretty high that somewhere among the trillions and trillions of stars in the universe there is a planet other than ours that is home to life. Many have also noted, however, that the odds of us making contact with any of them – especially any intelligent ones – are extremely small, given the distances involved. But that’s all statistics and speculation. The fact is we have no credible evidence of extraterrestrial presence here on Earth.

In commenting on the Larson letter, Stephen Bassett said: “This response from the White House is actually the first official response from the executive branch since this exploded in 1947. … One of the things that has stopped the news media from reporting on extraterrestrial matters is that there was no mainstream reason to so. The White House may not realize it, but they’ve created their own interesting issue here.”

Clearly this cursory White House statement will not end exopolitical inquiries concerning the UFO/E.T. problem. With hundreds of credible witnesses such as former U.S. astronaut Edgar Mitchell and retired U.S. Army Sergeant Clifford Stone available to testify to its reality, this very important issue will not go away. According to Mitchell: “There have been E.T. visitations. There have been crashed craft. There have been material and bodies recovered … There have been craft that have been recovered, (and) there has been a certain amount of reverse engineering that has allowed some of these craft or some components to be duplicated.”

Sergeant Stone who served on an Army team that retrieved crashed E.T. crafts has said: ” I am prepared to state that I have been at locations where craft of unknown origin that did not originate on the face of this planet were there. I am prepared to state that while I was there, we saw living and dead bodies of entities that were not born on this planet…. We have contact with aliens not originating from some foreign country, but from some other solar system.”

With witnesses such as Mitchell and Stone available to testify under oath, it is hoped that journalists like Laura Meckler, and others will continue to pursue the UFO/ E.T. issue. There could be a Pulitzer Prize in the offing. Especially if the problem becomes a “Cosmic Watergate”.

Bill Wickersham is an MU Adjunct Professor of Peace Studies and a member of Veterans for Peace

Copyright © 2019 Exopolitics Institute News Service. All Rights Reserved.